r1 Subject1 Temperature Pressure Heat Transfer

R1 Fundamentals of Refrigeration
#1 Temperature, Pressure, & Heat Transfer
Heat and Cold

Cold is the absence of heat. Heat migrates to cold. Insulation slows the transfer of heat, not stop it.
2004 Refrigeration Training Services - R1 Subject 1 Temperature,Pressure & Heat Transfer v1.2
Summer Heat Gain
Heat Transfer
75
95hot to cold Heat flows from

Winter Heat Loss
Heat Transfer
70
Heat flows from hot to cold

Heat Rises, Cold Falls

Warm air rises, cooler air falls. In a multistory house;
the heat tends to rise upstairs, the cold falls downstairs.
Summer in a 3-StoryTownhouse
75
75 75
Fan running
95

Summer in a 3-StoryTownhouse
Fan running Fan stops

Cold air falls
80 75
75
95
75 70
7
Winter in a 3-Story Townhouse
70 70
70
Fan running
0
8
Winter in a 3-Story Townhouse
Hot air rises
75 70
70
0
68 70 70

Fan running Fan stops
Temperature measurement
Celsius Fahrenheit
100C Water boils
F = (9/5 x C) + 32 F = (1.8 x C) + 32 F = (1.8 x 100) + 32 F = (180) + 32 F = 212
212F
0C
Water freezes
Convert C to F: C = .55 x (F 32) C = .55 x (32 -32) C = 0
32F
10
Barometer
Inches
Atmosphere pushes down
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
29.92 In. Hg
Mercury (Hg)
11
Elevation and boiling temperatures

1.0
25.0 At 30,000 elevation water boils at 100 F At 5000 elevation water boils at 203 F
29.9
At sea level water boils at 212 F

12
Evacuation & Boiling Points

In.Hg
in. Hg 29.92 10.00 2.00 1.00 .20 .10 .04 .02 .01
Microns 760,000 258,000 52,000 25,000 5,000 2,500 1,000 500 250
Boil Point 212F 162F 102F 80F 35F 20F 5F 0F -3F
80
DROP
30
25 20
15
10 5
Water
Mercury
Vacuum Pump
13
Pressure and Boiling Points

0 psig 30 psig
At 0 psig water boils at 212 At 30 psig water reaches 271 before boiling
14
Absolute (psia) vs. Barometric (In. Hg)

PSI Absolute
In. Hg. Atmosphere pushes down
15
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
29.92 In. Hg
12.5
10 7.5
14.7 PSIA
5
2.5 0
Mercury (Hg)
15
Low Side Gauge (Compound Gauge)
30 psig 44.7 psia
60
0 psig 14.7 psia 29.92 in. Hg
25
R-134a R-22 R-404a
7.4 psia 15 in. Hg 0 psia
0 in. Hg

16
Low Side & High Side Gauges

Low Side (suction) gauge
Blue for cold Compound gauge
Both positive pressure and vacuum
High Side (discharge) gauge

Red for hot
17
Low Side
Pressure Gauges
High Side
60
25
R-134a R-22 R-404a
10 R-134a R-22 R-404a
18
Low Side Gauge

Read suction pressure Read suction temperature Read vacuum
19
Reading the Low Side Gauge

49 psig 25 (R22)
60
69 psig 40 (R22)
25
R-134a R-22 R-404a
20
High Side Gauge

Read condensing pressure Read condensing temperature
21
Reading the High Side Gauge

278 psig 210 psig 105 (R22) 125 (R22)
10 R-134a R-22 R-404a
22
Pressure / Temperature (PT) Charts

From the system pressure
You can find its temperature
If you know the evaporator temperature

You can find the suction pressure
If you know the condensing temperature

You can find the discharge pressure
23
Pressure
PSIG
180 185 190 195 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 123 125 127 128 130 134 137 140 143 146 149 152 155
Temperatures
134a 22
94 96 98 100 101 105 108 111 114 117 120 123 126 128 131 137 143 149 155
404A
82 84 86 88 89 92 95 99 102 104 107 110 113 115 118 124 129 134 139 144 149 154
If the condensing temperature is 125,
What is the head pressure of:

R134a 185 psig
R22 278 psig R404A 333 psig

If the head pressure of R22 is 210 psig,
The condensing temperature would be? 105
24
Pressure Temperature PSIG 134a 22 404A 48 52 24 14 49 53 25 15 50 54 26 16 52 56 28 17 54 57 29 19 56 58 31 20 58 60 32 22 60 62 34 23 62 63 35 25 64 65 37 26 66 66 38 27 68 68 40 29 70 69 41 30
What is the suction pressure if, the evaporator temperature is:

40 for R22 A/C 68 psig 25 for R22 Walk-in 49 psig 25 for R404 Walk-in 62 psig What is the evaporator temperature of R404, if the suction pressure 50 psig? 16

25
Understanding Latent & Sensible Heat

by Heating Ice From 0F to Steam @ 212F
212
Latent Heat of Vaporization
32 0
Latent Heat of Fusion
16 BTUH
144 BTUH
180 BTUH
970 BTUH
160
340
1310
Heat requiredraise raise 0F iceor change to 32Fice 1F? to raise How much heat to heat isof1lb. of 32F ice statesteam? HowHow much changerequiredfrom 32F to 212F? much heat to 1#212F water 32F ice? of a water? to changetemperature to raise 1lb. of substance: water to 212F
Weight144BTU =(Specific BTU X (32-0)F vaporization) 1lb.1lb. iceX 970(212-32)heat X heat of ice) X Difference = BTU water 1lb.X Specific144BTUTemperature 1Ffusion) water .50 (specific heat of ice) X X BTU =970 180 (Latent heat of = = .5BTU = BTU (Latent heat of 16 BTU ice X .5
26
Refrigeration effect of ice

Ice melts by absorbing heat, Cools surrounding air. Ton of refrigeration = Latent heat of Ton of ice = 2000 lbs. (ton) x 144 BTU (latent heat of ice) = 288,000 Btu (to melt a ton of ice in 24 hours) = 12,000 Btu per hour.
27
U-Tube Manometer
Air flow causes pressure in the duct
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 WC
Pressure moves water column
Pressure is measured in inches of water column (WC)

28
Three States of Substance

Boiling Gases exert pressure equally in all directions Liquids exert pressure on the surfaces of their container Solids exert pressure on their base
Above freezing
29
Summary: Forces Exerted by Three States of a Substance
LIQUID
VAPOR
SOLID
30
Pascals Law
Pressure applied upon a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
First used in the development of hydraulic brakes. Refrigerant is a pressurized confined fluid.
Whether liquid, vapor, or a combination the pressures are the same within its part of the system. The high side of the system maintains the same pressure throughout, as does the low side.
LIQUID VAPOR
31
Daltons Law
The total pressure of a confined mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of each of the gasses in the mixture.
30 psig
40 psig
70 psig
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Mixture of Oxygen and Nitrogen

32
Density
Specific Gravity:
The density of a substance relative to the density of water. Water = 62 62 = 1.0 Wood = 38 62 = .6 (Floats) Iron = 480 62 = 7.7 (Sinks)
IRON Wood Density 38 lb/ft3 Water @ Density of 62 lb/ft3
Turtle Density of ???
Iron Ball Density of 480 lb/ft3

33
Specific Heat
Specific Heat (SH): The amount of heat (Btu) required to raise (or lower) 1 pound of a substance 1 F. SH of water = 1 SH of ice = .5 How much heat is needed to raise 1 lb. water 1 Q = W x SH x T Q =1lb. x 1 x 1 = 1Btu 1 Btu raises 1 lb. of water 1 F.
34
35

r1 Subject1 Temperature Pressure Heat Transfer

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r1 Subject1 Temperature Pressure Heat Transfer

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R1 Fundamentals of Refrigeration

#1 Temperature, Pressure, & Heat Transfer

Heat and Cold

Summer Heat Gain

95hot to cold Heat flows from

Winter Heat Loss

Heat flows from hot to cold

Heat Rises, Cold Falls

Fan running Fan stops

Cold air falls

Winter in a 3-Story Townhouse

Winter in a 3-Story Townhouse

Hot air rises

Fan running Fan stops

Elevation and boiling temperatures

At sea level water boils at 212 F

Evacuation & Boiling Points

Boil Point 212F 162F 102F 80F 35F 20F 5F 0F -3F

Pressure and Boiling Points

Absolute (psia) vs. Barometric (In. Hg)

In. Hg. Atmosphere pushes down

Low Side Gauge (Compound Gauge)

30 psig 44.7 psia

0 psig 14.7 psia 29.92 in. Hg

R-134a R-22 R-404a

7.4 psia 15 in. Hg 0 psia

Low Side & High Side Gauges

High Side (discharge) gauge

R-134a R-22 R-404a

10 R-134a R-22 R-404a

Low Side Gauge

Reading the Low Side Gauge

R-134a R-22 R-404a

High Side Gauge

Reading the High Side Gauge

10 R-134a R-22 R-404a

Pressure / Temperature (PT) Charts

If you know the evaporator temperature

If you know the condensing temperature

If the condensing temperature is 125,

What is the head pressure of:

R22 278 psig R404A 333 psig

The condensing temperature would be? 105

Pressure Temperature PSIG 134a 22 404A 48 52 24 14 49 53 25 15 50 54 26 16 52 56 28 17 54 57 29 19 56 58 31 20 58 60 32 22 60 62 34 23 62 63 35 25 64 65 37 26 66 66 38 27 68 68 40 29 70 69 41 30

What is the suction pressure if, the evaporator temperature is:

Understanding Latent & Sensible Heat

Latent Heat of Fusion

Refrigeration effect of ice

Pressure moves water column

Pressure is measured in inches of water column (WC)

Three States of Substance

Summary: Forces Exerted by Three States of a Substance

Mixture of Oxygen and Nitrogen

IRON Wood Density 38 lb/ft3 Water @ Density of 62 lb/ft3

Turtle Density of ???

Iron Ball Density of 480 lb/ft3

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