Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Maximal expiration
Time (seconds)
Volume (L)
Maximal
inspiration
Expiratory reserve
volume (ERV) ~ 1.5
L
- The maximum
volume of air that
can be exhaled after
a normal tidal
volume exhalation
Maximal expiration
Time (seconds)
Volume (L)
Maximal
inspiration
• Inspiratory capacity
(IC) ~ 3.6 L
Maximal volume of
air that can be
inhaled after a normal
expiration
• IC = IRV + TV
Maximal expiration
Time (seconds)
Volume (L)
Maximal
• Vital capacity (VC) inspiration
~ 4.5 L
The maximum
volume of air that
can be exhaled after
a maximal
inspiration
• VC = IRV + TV +
ERV
Maximal expiration
Time (seconds)
Volume (L)
Maximal
inspiration
Maximal inspiration
Maximal expiration
Time (seconds)
Volume (L)
Maximal
• Forced vital capacity inspiration
(FVC) - after maximal
inspiration, the person
exhales as completely
& as fast as he can
Maximal expiration
Time (seconds)
• FEV1 Forced
Maximal inspiration expiratory volume in
1st second
Volume of FVC
exhaled/expelled in the
first second of
expiration
Maximal expiration
Volume (L)
Maximal
inspiration
SPIROGRAM
Maximal expiration
Time (seconds)
SPIROGRAM Volume (L)
Maximal
inspiration
• Functional residual
capacity (FRC) ~ 3 L
Volume of air
remaining in the lungs
after a normal exhalation
• FRC = ERV + RV
• Residual volume (RV) ~
1.2 L
Volume of air
remaining in the lungs
after maximal expiration
• Total lung capacity (TLC)
~6L Maximal expiration
Total volume of air in
the lungs after maximal
inspiration
• TLC = VC + RV
Time (seconds)
• Lung volumes measured by spirometer usually indicate the volume
at ambient temperature and pressure, saturated with water vapor
(ATPS)
• Lung volumes at ATPS can be converted to volumes they would
occupy in the lungs of subjects at body temperature and pressure,
saturated with water vapor (BTPS)
• Conversion from ATPS to BTPS
• O2 uptake , CO2
output usually
expressed at STPD
• STPD: Standard
Temperature (0oC)
and Pressure (760
mm Hg) and Dry
Lungs volumes and capacities (part of lung function tests)
Maximal expiration
or normal
i. Transmural P ↑ because
Pip more –ve
Pip • Transmural P exerts a
distending force on the
small airways
25
.
FACTORS AFFECTING VANA
4. Tracheostomi → ↓ VANA
VA = (TV – VANA) X f
.
ALVEOLAR VENTILATION (VA)
• Vol of fresh air entering alveoli per
minute
VA = (TV – VANA) X f
TV = tidal volume
VANA = anatomical dead space
f = resp. rate
TV = 500ml, body weight = 70 kg, resp. rate = 10/min
.
VA = (TV – VANA) f Estimation of VANA:
= (500 - 154) X 10 VANA (ml) = body wt in lbs
.
VA = 3.46 L/min 1 kg = 2.2 lbs
TV VE VANA VA
Subject Freq.
(ml) .
(ml/min) . (ml) ..
(ml/min)