Group :

Topic:

Adjuncts
Semantics

Overview
I. Definition of adjuncts:
II. Forms of adjuncts III.Semantic function of adverbial

adjuncts. IV. Adverbial adjunct and adverbial complement distinguished V. Excercises

I. Definition of adjuncts:
A term used in grammatical theory to refer to

an optional or secondary element in a construction. An adjunct may be removed without the E.g: structural identity of the rest of the John kicked the ball yesterday construction being affected instead of John kicked the ball but not John kicked yesterday

II. Forms of adjuncts

1. Single word 2. Phrase 3. Clause

II. Forms of adjuncts

1. Single word
E.g: They left Ha Noi yesterday

2. Phrase
Phrase Noun Phrases Adverb Phrases Prepositional Phrases

II. Forms of adjuncts

2. Phrase
Phrase Noun Prepositional Eg: He will beAdverb Chi Minh in the in Ho Phrases Phrases Phrases afternoon

Noun Phrases functioning as Adjuncts

Laura bought a new house last week Next year, he is going to go abroad to study.

II. Forms of adjuncts

2. Phrase
Phrase Noun Phrases Adverb Phrases Prepositional Phrases

Adverb Phrases functioning as Adjuncts

They ate their meal too quickly She walked very gracefully down the steps Suddenly, the door opened

II. Forms of adjuncts

Adverb Phrases
There is also such phrases are Adverbial adjuncts than Generally, Adverb a thing as anmore often Noun Phrase. These are nouns which are functioning as adverbs. Some complements. There are essentially two different kinds examples are this is yesterday, of case where today, not true. downtown, home and outside. Eg: He plays soccer beautifully.( adjunct) They took a walk downtown. (adjunct) He wrote the new sculpture downtown (complement) They put the article carefully. ( adjunct) The car handles beautifully. (complement) He worded the article carefully. (complement)

2. Forms of adjuncts
2. Phrase
Phrase Noun Phrases Adverb Phrases Prepositional Phrases

Prepositional Phrases functioning as Adjuncts Susan went to school in New York I work late on Mondays After work; I go to a local restaurant

II. Forms of adjuncts

Prepositional Phrases
PPs as Adjuncts generally refer to time or to place -- they tell us when orwhere something happens. Eg: Prepositional Phrases can be both adjuncts and A student from Kansas. (adjunct) complements to nouns. Adjuncts add additional A university in Washington. (adjunct) information, of Biology. (complement) vital to the A student whereas complements are meaning of the nounWashington. (complement) is that The University of they modify. The tricky part nouns are still grammatical without their complements. The thing to focus on is that if they lack their complement, they do not mean the same thing.

II. Forms of adjuncts

3. Clause
We will go out after Anne has come back home.

Finite:

Nonfinite

II. Forms of adjuncts

3. Clause
Finite: Nonfinite

While I was talking with my friends in the park, I heart a loud explosion. I was late for the lecture because it rained heavily. If you want to go to library, you have to have library's card. My mother didn't stay at hom, so I had to cook for dinner.

II. Forms of adjuncts

3. Clause
Finite: Nonfinite

*To-infinitive clause. * Bare infinitive clause. To get athan leave the child alone, I your best. Rather good mark, you have to try brought him to To have much money , I must work harder. work with me

II. Forms of adjuncts

3. Clause
Finite: Nonfinite

* -ing clause. * -ed clause. * -Small clause. world market, Vietnam has a lot of Intergreatingthe teacher, he didnt dare talk in class. Punished by with rage, John stormed out of the room. His face red chanllenges himself, he usually has the job done quickly Left to and opportunities.blue. Robert a lot of the house Writingpainted esays, he feel tired. We consider Mary intelligent.

III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.

Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for

the nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:

Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive

III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.

Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for the

nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:

Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive

Temporal adjuncts establish when, for how long or how often a state or action happened or existed Today I go to the cinema with him. (time point) He has learned Chinese for 2 months.(duration) She goes to school by bus every day. (frequency)

III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.

Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for the

nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:

Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive
Locative adjuncts establish where, to where or from where a state or action happened or existed.

His book is on the table. (Locative) The map which you need is on that shelf. She moved to London.

III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.

Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for the

nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:

Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive

Modicative adjuncts establish how the action happened or the state existed, or modifying its scope. She worked with difficulty. (manner) He stood in silence. (state) He helped his mother with her housework. (limiting)

III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.

Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for the

nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:

Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive

Causal adjuncts establish the reason for, or purpose of, an action or state. The ladder collapsed because it was old. (reason) She went out to buy some bread. (purpose)

III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.

Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for the

nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:

Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive

Instrumental adjuncts establish the instrument of the action.

Mr. Bibby wrote the letter with a pencil. I go to school by bicycle.

III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.

Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for the

nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:

Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive

Conditional adjuncts establish the condition in which a sentence becomes true. I would go to Paris, if I had the money. If you dont give me money, I will kill you.

III. Semantic Function of Adverbial Adjuncts.

Adverbial adjuncts establish circumstances for the

nuclear part of a sentence, which can be classified as the following:

Temporal Locative Modicative Causal Instrumental Conditional Concessive

Concessive adjuncts establish the contrary circumstances.

Lorna went out although it was raining. No matter who you are, I still love you.

IV. Adverbial adjunct and adverbial complement distinguished

An adjunct must always be a removable, i.e.

extranuclear, element in the sentence. In the sentence below in the park can be removed and a well-formed sentence remains. . John drank a beer in the park. (locative adjunct)
In the sentence below, however, in the park is part of

the nucleus of the sentence and cannot be removed. It is thus not an adjunct but an adverbial complement. . John is in the park. (locative complement)

Excercises