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Cryogenic Nitrogen
40 year old technology. Made as a by product of liquid oxygen manufacture. Air replacement. No corrosion. No downhole fires. 99.9% pure N2 7K-40K US$/day.
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
Cryogenic Nitrogen
Delivery
Bottled gas. Truck. Storage tank on a ship.
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
Procedure
Determine Gas Volume Required. Convert from Liquid Volume. 1 gallon liquid nitrogen produces 93.12 ft3 of N2 at SCP. 1 m3 of N2 liquid produces 698 m3 of gas at SCP.
Membrane Nitrogen
On site manufacture. Dependent on concentration. Directly proportional to pressure and rate. Inversely proportional to gas partial pressure. Driven by dissolution and diffusion.
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
Oxygen and Water Vapor are Fast Gases which quickly permeate the membrane, allowing Nitrogen to flow through the fiber bores as the product stream.
FEED AIR
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
Equipment Required
Compressor. Filters-fibers will plug if the air is not filtered. NPU or NGU. Controller. Booster(s).
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
3.
2.
1. 2. 3. 4.
N2 500-600 scfm. 2000 psi comp. 27 gph diesel. 8x20x16 high. Nominal O2 5%
4.
3
1
Procedure
Determine volume requirement. Determine maximum oxygen concentration. Determine effective volume from units. Determine pressure requirement.
Oxygen Concentration
% Oxygen is only partially a valid concept for fire.
Ignition temperatures and water content play a big part.
10.50
10.00 9.50 9.00
8.50
8.00 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Pressure (psia)
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
Operating Cost
Canada USA
Crossover between cryogenic costs and membrane costs is generally about three days of operation. Transportation and mobilization are big items.
Flow Path
Pressure
Determine requirement as for air, but allow for lesser specific gravity. Delivery pressure set at source.
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
Flow to rig.
Choke/Controller
Pipeline Flow
2350 m
MMCFD
Gas Flared
Conserved 92%. Inc. Cost 170k US $. No need to optimize GLRs. 75 MMCFD well.
14 12
10
8 6 4 2 0
Hole Cleaning
Optimizing hydraulics with gasses is primarily concerned with hole cleaning - getting the cuttings that are generated by the bit out of the hole. With gas, rheological properties have very little to do with hole cleaning. Hole cleaning with gasses is almost entirely dependent on the annular velocity.
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
Hole Cleaning
Compressibility of air (or gas) complicates matters. Frictional pressure increases downhole pressure - decreases velocity downhole. Suspended cuttings increase the density of the air, increasing downhole pressure.
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
Hole Cleaning
Temperature has an effect on volumetric flow rate. We must pump at a velocity high enough to remove the cuttings, but not too high where we waste energy.
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
Terminal Velocity
Vt = 4gdc
g dc Cd
c f 3Cd f
gravitational acceleration, 32.17 ft/sec2 characteristic particle diameter, ft. drag coefficient. density of cuttings, lbm / ft3 density of fluid, lbm/ ft3
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
c f
Terminal Velocity
Vt = 3.369
dcTc
P
For sub-round cuttings, T and P are at bottom hole conditions in 0R and psia.
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
Terminal Velocity
Terminal velocity in air drilling is determined mainly by:
cutting diameter, shape, and density. bottom hole temperature and pressure.
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
Factors Effecting Vt
Shape (roundness). Increased Size. Increased Temperature. Increased Density. Increased Pressure. Increases. Increases. Increases. Increases. Decreases.
Terminal Velocity
As pressure increases Vt decreases. As pressure increases Air velocity decreases. If the mass flow rate of gas remains constant the local air velocity decreases with increasing pressure. The air flow rate required to lift the cuttings increases with increasing BHP.
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
Friction Pressure
dP dL fm =m + fm mV 2m 2g (Dh Dp) Eq. 2.5
m Vm g Dh Dp
Friction factor of the mixture of air and cuttings. Mixture density, lbm/cu.ft. Mixture velocity, ft/s. Acceleration due to gravity. Hole diameter, ft. Pipe diameter, ft.
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
Friction Pressure
fm = a + c Weymouth quation. a = 0.14 ( Dh Dp) 0.333
1
a
= 1.14 0.86ln
2 Dh - Dp
Friction Pressure
Mixture density of air and cuttings in the annulus is determined by the mass of the cuttings and the density of the air. Air density is a function of the pressure. Mass of the cuttings in the wellbore is a function of: ROP Hole cleaning efficiency.
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
Friction Pressure
Pressure drops down the drillstring and through the bit play a part in BHP due to temperature effects. Temperature is also effected by:
Formation temperature. Influx of formation fluid (expansion of gas into the wellbore). Mechanical friction. Pressure.
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
min V 2min =
1 2
stp V 2stp
Vstp
m m V 2m
2g (Dh Dp) 1+
m = a
Wc Wa
Wc
Wa
Mass of cuttings generated in a given time; the mass flow rate of cuttings, lbm/min. Mass of air flowing past any point in the well in given time; the mass flow rate of air, lbm/min.
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
abT2 G-a
Ps Surface air pressure, lbf/sq.ft, absolute. Ts Surface temperature, 0F. G T h Annular temperature gradient, 0F/100. Downhole temperature = Ts+Gh Hole depth.
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
ROP
b= Dh D2
stp
min Eq. 2.10
Qmin = Qo + NH
Qo N H Injection rate (scfm) at zero depth that corresponds to an annular velocity of 3000 ft/min Factor dependent on the penetration rate (Appendix C) Hole depth, (thousands of feet).
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
Appendix C
Data for calculating approximate circulation rates required to produce a minimum annular air velocity which is equivalent in lifting power to standard air velocity of 3.000 ft/min. (Angel, 1957).
250
200
150
100
50
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Depth (feet)
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
80 70
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Depth (feet)
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
7-7/8 hole
6 drill collars
3-1/2 drillpipe
3800 hole depth
Annular Bottomhole Pressuresin An Air Drilled Hole-comparison Of Predictions And Measurements Made While Circulating Off-bottom
45
40
35
30
25
34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
3.5
3
2000
4000
6000
Depth ( feet) Comparison of air rates recommended by several different cuttings transport analyses (after Guo et al, 199412).
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
The influence of air flow rate on annular pressure drop (after Supon and Adewumi, 19915).
Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering