CH 01 Munson

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi
Core slides filled by R.Y.Nuwayhid Nadim Diab. Rights reserved.

Fluid Mechanics
A First Course
prerequisite: Thermodynamics I
Fluids
Definitions
Fluids soft deformable, solids hard and maintain their shape
A fluid: substance that deforms continuously when acted upon by a
shearing stress of any magnitude ie. It FLOWS
We consider average macroscopic quantities to characterize fluid behavior
i.e velocity at a point is so much means this is true in a small volume
surrounding the point and this volume is small compared to system
dimension Continuum.

Dimensions, Units
we characterize both qualitatively type of characteristic (length, veloc.)
and quantitatively magnitude and standard
Newtons law and primary quantities : MLT system ie. V=LT
-1

FLT M=FL
-1
T
2 (see table 1.1)
Equation must be dimensionally homogeneous.
System of units: SI and BG

Table 1.1 (p. 4)
Dimensions Associated
with Common Physical
Quantities (continued on
next slide)
Newtons 2
nd
law
F=ma
F=MLT
-2
So mass is
M=FL
-1
T
2

Table 1.1 (p. 4)
continued
Table 1.2 (p. 7)
Prefixes for SI Units
Example 1.2 A tank of water having a total mass of 36 kg rests on the floor of
an elevator. Determine the force (Newtons) that the tank exerts on the floor
when the elevator is accelerating upward at 7 ft/s2

Draw the FBD first (as shown.
Apply Newtons second law to the body (the tank!):

tank! on the floor the of force the is shown F since downward is force The
430 / . 430
)] / 3048 . 0 )( / 7 ( / 81 . 9 [ 36
N. in force want we since
SI use We on. decided be must units of system the Now
) (
mg W Placing upward. direction postive where
f
2
2 2
N s m kg
f t m s f t m kg kg F
a g m F
ma W F
a m F
f
f
= =
+ =
+ =
=
=
=
Figure 1.1 Density of water as a function of temperature.

Density for liquids is not sensitive to changes in
temperature or pressure as shown. In the BG system at
60F the density of water is about 1.94 slugs/ft3
In contrast to Thermo, where v (=1/) is used, density is
more appropriate in fluid mechanics

Density
Specific Weight

The specific weight is the weight per unit volume
Thus it is used to characterize the weight of a system.
Units N/m3 (lb/ft3)
g =
Viscosity
Fluids also have a tendency to flow so there must be a property that
describes fluidity
Consider:
Place material between two wide parallel plates
Bottom plate rigidly fixed, while top plate free to move
First consider a solid:
Load with force P
Top plate is displaced thru small distance assume fixing mechanically
AB becomes AB
by rotation thru small angle o| (the strain)

To resist the applied force P, a shearing stress t is developed at the interface
At equilibrium, P=tA
The strain is proportional to the applied stress

Now put a fluid .
When the force P is applied to the upper plate it will move continuously with
velocity U.I.e if a shearing stress is applied to a fluid it deforms continuously. The
fluid at upper plate moves at velocity U, while the bottom fluid has zero velocity
Velocity distribution is thus : u(y) = Uy/b
Gradient of velocity u(y) is du/dy = U/b in this linear case
Fluid sticks to boundary and thus
No-slip condition
In small time ot, line AB rotates thru angle o|
tano| ~ o| = oa/b
But oa=Uot
So o| = Uot/b
Note o| is function of both P and time
So rate of shearing strain is

t
t
o
o|
o
lim
0
=
For the current case,

If we go on changing shearing stress t by increasing P, the rate of
shearing strain increases in proportion
That is

So the shearing stress and the shearing strain can be related by a
relationship of the form

dy
du
b
U
= =
dy
du
t =
Figure 1.4 (p. 15)
Linear variation of shearing stress with rate
of shearing strain for common fluids.
Absolute viscosity
Newtonian fluids
Figure 1.5 (p. 16)
Variation of shearing stress with
rate of shearing strain for
several types of fluids, including
common non-Newtonian fluids.
Toothpaste
Latex paint
Quicksand
Figure 1.6 (p. 17)
Dynamic (absolute) viscosity of some
common fluids as a function of temperature.
Dimensions of viscosity
FTL
-2

SI : N.s/m
2

BG: lb.s/ft
2

Liquids as T increases
cohesive forces decrease
Gases as T increases
random motion increases
Example
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
2
3
h
y V
u
dy
du
t =
The velocity distribution for a
Newtonian fluid between two plates is
found to be given by:

2
3
h
Vy
dy
du
= bottom at the -h y when
3
= =
h
V
dy
du
direction) flow (in / 4 . 14
) 12 / 1 )( 2 . 0 (
) / 2 )( 3 )( / . 04 . 0 ( 3
so,
2
2
ft lb
in ft in
s ft ft s lb
h
V
= = = t
At midplane, y=0, therefore t=0
V V d
dp
E
v
/
=
Bulk Modulus
How easily can the volume density) of a given mass of fluid be changed
as a result of a change in pressure
The Compressibility
Bulk modulus :

dP is the change in pressure needed to change volume V by dV.
Negative because as P increases V decreases
Since m=V, then E
v
can also be written as:

Dimensions : FL
-2
(like pressure)
Large E
v
means incompressible
For a gas assume an ideal gas now:
Two ways to model compression:
First: Isothermally: P/=Constant
Or Second: Isentropically: P/
k
= Constant

/ d
dp
E
v
+ =
E
v
=P
E
v
=kP
By taking
derivatives
Vapor pressure

Liquids evaporate when they have sufficient momentum at interface
Pressure at upper space is equal to Vapor pressure P
v
at equilibrium
Boiling is a form of evaporation and happens when
Pressure of fluid becomes equal to the vapor pressure at a given
Temperature

Generally TWO ways to get boiling:
At a given P by raising T
At a given T by reducing P
The second way may very well happen during fluid flows in pipe, valves
or restrictions leading to cavitation.

Forces acting on one-half of a liquid drop.
Interface forces develop between immiscible
liquids or between liquid and gas a skin
develops
Imbalanced cohesive forces at interface
As opposed to interior where molecules are evenly
attracted to each other
Consider this a tensile force acting in the
surface plane
surface tension o is this force per unit length
on the surface (N/m) This is T dependent and
decreases with T
Consider Liquid Drop FBD shown:

R
P P P
R P R
e i
o
t o t
2
by outside an greater th is inside P or the
2
2
= = A
A =
Surface tension
Effect of capillary action in small tubes.

(a) Rise of column for a liquid that wets the tube.

For water/glass interface angle very small

also as R decreases h increases

(c) Depression of column for a nonwetting liquid.
Hg/glass adhesion weak and angle nearly 130 degrees
R
h
h R R
u o
t u o t
cos 2
height
cos 2
2
=
=
Soil flow
Thin films
Bubble/droplet
formation
Liquid Jet breakup
Table 1.9a (p. 28)
Chronological Listing of
Some Contributors to the
Science of Fluid Mechanics
Noted in the Text
Table 1.9b (p. 29)
Continued from previous
slide.
Figure P1.54 (p. 34)
Example p1.54
P1.61 assign
Assign
H.w # 1: 1.57,1.58,1.61,1.62,1.65 (due .)

CH 01 Munson

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CH 01 Munson

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Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi

Core slides filled by R.Y.Nuwayhid Nadim Diab. Rights reserved.

by rotation thru small angle o| (the strain)

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