Concentration of Sugar by Forward Osmosis

By Dianne Kate Pelon Engelee Salvania Giselle Anne Oliva

Outline
Food

and Beverages Industry Common Methods used in Concentration of Sugar

Evaporization /Crystallization Osmosis

Significance

of Study Schematic Diagram of Forward Osmosis Process

Background of Study
Food and Beverages Industry
Primarily concerned with the production and distribution of sugar-based products.

Background of Study
Food and Beverages Industry
These

industries tend to generate waste streams containing high concentrations of sugar. solid wastes can be pressed to extract sucrose-rich liquor.

These

Background of Study
Food and Beverages Industry

Treating this concentrate is the limiting step that increases the nal cost of the product.

It would, therefore, be desirable to nd a way to concentrate or at least to pre-concentrate these sugar-rich solutions to save energy.

Background of Study
Common Methods Used
Evaporation Osmosis

/ Crystallization

Reverse Osmosis Forward Osmosis

Background of Study
Osmosis A

solvent is the base substance, where a solute is being dissolved and the result is the solution.

Evaporation /Crystallization
Crystallization

it may be defined as a process which separates a pure solid in the form of its crystals from a solution. Evaporation Process of separating any substance from its solution by removing water.

Reverse Osmosis

Reverse osmosis is a separation process that uses pressure to force a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane that retains the solute on one side and allows the pure solvent to pass to the other side. More formally, it is the process of forcing a solvent from a region of high solute concentration through a membrane to a region of low solute concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure.

Forward Osmosis

Uses the osmotic pressure gradient across the membrane to produce a total flow of water through the membrane into the draw solution. Driven by an osmotic pressure gradient, forward osmosis does not require direct energy input. Forward osmosis is a low-resource water treatment technology that offers the advantage of high rejection of a wide range of contaminants than traditional membrane processes.

Factors Affecting the Rate of Osmosis

Temperature - The higher the temperature, the faster the movement of water molecules across the semi permeable membrane. Surface Area - The larger the surface area, the more space for the molecules to move easily across; the smaller the area, the more restricted the movements of the molecules and the slower the movement.

Factors Affecting the Rate of Osmosis

Difference in Water Potential The higher the difference in water potential, the faster the osmosis; for the lesser water molecules are in the region of low concentration, more water molecules from the region of higher concentration can enter faster and easier. Pressure The more the pressure, the faster the molecules will move for they are being pushed faster across a low concentration.

Factors Affecting the Rate of Osmosis

Concentration

gradient - The movement of osmosis is affected by the concentration gradient; the lower the concentration of the solute within a solvent, the faster osmosis will occur in that solvent. Light and dark They are also factors of osmosis; since the brighter the light, the faster osmosis takes place.

Objectives
To

examine the use of FO as an alternative for concentrating sugar. we need to investigate the use of FO as a method for sucrose concentration using a commercially available FO membrane and examine the membrane water ux performance as a function of sucrose concentration.

Specically,

Schematic Diagram

Figure 1. Castello et al. 2009

Forward Osmosis in Desalination

Advantages of FO
It

operates at low or no hydraulic pressures It has high rejection of a wide range of contaminants, and it may have a lower membrane fouling tendency than pressure-driven membrane processes.

Advantages of FO

Because the only pressure involved in the FO process is caused by the flow resistance in the membrane module, the equipment used is very simple and membrane support is less of a problem. Besides, for food and pharmaceutical processing, FO has the benefit of concentrating the feed stream without requiring high pressures or temperatures that may be damaging to the feed solution.