Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
1.4.4 Apply Avogadros law to calculate reacting volumes of gas 1.4.5 Apply the concept of molar volume at standard temperature and pressure in calculations 1.4.6 Solve problems between temperature, pressure and volume for a fixed mass of an ideal gas. 1.4.7 Solve problems relating to the ideal gas equation, PV=nRT 1.4.8 Analyse graphs relating to the ideal gas equation.
Avogadros Hypothesis
At a constant temperature and pressure, a
given volume of gas always has the same number of particles. The coefficients of a balanced reaction is the same ratio as the volumes of reactants and products
This can be used to carry out calculations about volume of gaseous product and the volume of any excess reagents.
Example
10cm3 of ethyne (C2H2) is reacted with 50cm3 of
hydrogen to produce ethane (C2H6), calculate the total volume and composition of the remaining gas mixture, assuming constant T and P. 1st get balanced equation: C2H2(g) + 2H2(g) C2H6(g) 2nd look at the volume ratios: 1 mol ethyne to 2 mol of hydrogen, therefore 1 vol to 2 vol 3rd analyse: If all 10cm3 of ethyne is used, it needs only 20cm3 of hydrogen, therefore hydrogen is in excess by 50cm3-20cm3 = 30 cm3. In the end youll have 10 cm3 Ethane and the leftover 30 cm3 hydrogen
Molar volume
The temperature and pressure are specified
at sea level 1 atm = 101.3 kPa and 0oC = 273 K this volume is 22.4 dm3 (or 22.4 L)
Molar gas volume, Vm. It contains 6.02 x 1023 molecules of gas
Example
Calculate how many moles of oxygen molecules are there in 5.00 dm3 at STP n= VSTP = 5.00 = 22.4 dm3 22.4 dm3 0.223 mol
times the pressure exerted on it was very nearly a constant, or PV=constant. If V increases, P decreases proportionately and vice versa. (Inverse proportions) Temperature must be constant. Example: A balloon under normal pressure is blown up (1 atm), if we put it under water and exert more pressure on it (2 atm), the volume of the balloon will be smaller (1/2 its original size) P1V1=P2V2
heated and contracts (volume decreases) when cooled. The volume of a fixed mass of gas varies directly with the Kelvin temperature provided the pressure is constant. V= constant x T V1 = V2 T1 T2
Gay-Lussacs Law
The pressure of a gas increases as its
temperature increases. As a gas is heated, its molecules move more quickly, hitting up against the walls of the container more often, causing increased pressure. P1 = P2 T1 T2
Laws combined
P1V1 = P2V2
T1
T2
T must be in Kelvins, but P and V can be any proper unit provided they are consistently used throughout the calculation
Practice
If a given mass of gas occupies a volume of
8.50 L at a pressure of 95.0 kPa and 35 oC, what volume will it occupy at a pressure of 75.0 kPa and a temperature of 150 oC?
1st convert oC to K: 35 + 273 = 308 K 150 + 273 = 423 K
Temperature
Kelvin temperature is proportional to the
average kinetic energy of the gas molecules. It is a measure of random motion of the gas molecules More motion = higher temperature
Charles and Gay-Lussacs laws well At ordinary temperature and pressures, but there is deviation at low temperature and high pressures
Ideal gas
where all collisions between molecules are
perfectly elastic and in which there are no intermolecular attractive forces. Its like hard spheres bouncing around, but NO interaction.
P= pressure (Pa)
Volume = (m3) n= number of moles R=universal gas constant =8.3145 J mol-1 K-1 T= temperature (K)
Example
3.376 g of a gas occupies 2.368 m3 at 17.6 oC and a pressure of 96.73 Pa, determine its molar mass.