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The z-transform Y(z) of a digital filter's output y(n) is related to the z-transform X(z) of the input x(n) by filter transfer function H(z) as:
Here, the constants b(i) and a(i) are the filter coefficients and the order of the filter is the maximum of N and M.
Impulse Response
The impulse response of a digital filter is the output arising from the unit impulse input sequence defined as:
In MATLAB, you can generate an impulse sequence a number of ways; one straightforward way is imp = [1; zeros(49,1)];
The impulse response of the simple filter b = 1 and a = [1 -0.9] is h = filter(b,a,imp);
Filter Design and Implementation Filter design is the process of creating the filter coefficients to meet specific filtering requirements. Filter implementation involves choosing and
Digital Filter Design Objective - Determination of a realizable transfer function G(z) approximating a given frequency response specification Digital filter design Digital filter design is the process of
applications
In some situations, the unit sample unit sample response response or the step response step response may be specified
Digital Filter Specifications As the impulse response corresponding to each of these ideal filters is noncausal noncausal and of infinite length infinite length, these filters are not realizable In practice, the magnitude response
Selection of the Filter Type Selection of the Filter Type For FIR digital filter design FIR digital filter design, the FIR transfer function is a polynomial in Z-1 with real coefficients:
For reduced computational complexity computational complexity, degree N of H(z) must be as small as possible If a linear phase linear phase is desired, the filter coefficients must satisfy the constraint: h[n]=+-h[N-n]
Basic Approaches 1. Convert the digital filter specifications into an analog prototype analog prototype lowpass lowpass filter filter specifications 2. Determine the analog lowpass filter transfer function Ha(s ) meeting the specifications 3. Transform Ha(s ) into the desired digital transfer function G(z).
highly advanced
(2) They usually yield closed-form solutions (3) Extensive tables are available for analog filter design
A stable analog transfer function be mapped into a stable digital transfer function
Filter Design Methods Butterworth (butter) Chebyshev Type I (cheby1) Chebyshev Type II (cheby2)
Elliptic (ellip)
Above transformation maps a single point in the s-plane to a unique point in the z-plane and vice-versa
Relation between G(z) and is then Ha(s) is given by
IIR Butter worth Low pass filter : MATLAB code used for the design [N, Wn] = buttord(.3249,1, 1,20,'s') [B, A] = butter(N,Wn,'s');
Disadvantages: Require a much higher filter order than IIR filters to achieve a given level of performance.
FIR filter design methods Windowing Multiband with Transition Bands Constrained Least Squares
Raised Cosine
Basic Approaches
Three commonly used approaches to FIR filter design:
Gibbs Phenomenon Gibbs phenomenon Gibbs phenomenon - Oscillatory behavior in the magnitude responses of causal FIR filters obtained by truncating the impulse response coefficients of ideal filters
Gibbs Phenomenon
As can be seen, as the length of the lowpass filter is increased, the number of
b = fir1(48,[0.35 0.65]);
freqz(b,1,512)