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Agenda
Introduction
GPRS/EGPRS
GPRS
A feature that makes it possible to send packet data over the GSM network GPRS uses two different coding schemes, CS1&2
CS3&4
A new feature should be supported and implemented in BSC ands BTS CS3&4 are only supported in downlink
Coding Schemes
Coding
Info.bits
C/I (dB) ~6
CS 1 CS 2 CS 3 CS 4
160
240 288
12.0 14.4
~9 ~12
400
20.0
~17
GPRS Ciphering
GSM Ciphering:
Between BTS & MS Just for voice
GPRS Ciphering:
Between SGSN & MS For signaling & user data because of no separated link for signaling and user data on Abis
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What is EDGE ?
EDGE is the next step in the evolution of GPRS. EDGE is a method to increase the data rates on the radio link for GSM The main advantage of EDGE is that it will offer higher data rates without fundamentally changing the hardware infrastructure
Uses 8-PSK modulation in good conditions Increase throughput by 3x (8-PSK 3 bits/symbol vs GMSK 1 bit/symbol)
Fall back to GMSK modulation when far from the base station
New handsets / terminal equipment; additional hardware in the BTS Core network and the rest remains the same
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) frame structure 200kHz carrier bandwidth allows cell plans to remain
voice
voice
voice
voice
voice
GPRS
GPRS
GPRS
voice
voice
voice
voice
voice
Free TS
Free TS
EDGE
EDGE Transceiver
Increased Capacity
10
Internet
GPRS
MS
GGSN
BTS
BSC/PCU
EDGE
MS
New Modulation
GPRS = EDGE
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GPRS Modulation Symbol rate Modulation bit rate Radio data rate per time slot User data rate per time slot User data rate (8 time slots) Radio data rate (8 TSs) GMSK 270 ksym/s 270 kb/s 22.8 kb/s 20kb/s (CS4) 160kb/s (182.4kb/s)
EDGE 8-PSK / GMSK 270 ksym/s 810 kb/s 69.2 kb/s 59,2 kb/s (MCS9) 473,6kb/s (553.6kb/s)
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13
40 44.8 30 20.0 14.4 12.0 10 0 CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 8.0 8.8 MCS1 MCS2 MCS3 MCS4 MCS5 MCS6 MCS7 MCS8 MCS9 11.2 14.8 17.6 22.4 29.6
20
14
GPRS
EGPRS
15
C B A C B
8PSK GMSK
A B A A
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Payload Format
MCS-3 Fa mily A 37 octets 37 octets MCS-6 MCS-9 MCS-3 34+3 octets Fa mily A padding 34+3 octets 37 octets 37 octets
MCS-8
MCS-2 Fa mily B 28 octets 28 octets MCS-5 MCS-7 MCS-1 Fa mily C 22 octets 22 octets 28 octets 28 octets
MCS-4
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MS classes of operation
Class A mode of operation allows an MS to have a circuit switched connection at the same time as it is involved in a packet transfer.
Class B mode of operation allows a MS to be attached to both circuit switched and packet switched connections, but it can not use both services at the same time. However, MS that is involved in a packet transfer can receive a page for circuit switched traffic. The MS can then suspend the packet transfer for the duration of the circuit switched connection and afterwards resume the packet transfer. This requires the Gs interface between the MSC and SGSN to be present.
Class C mode of operation allows an MS only to be attached to one service at a time. An MS that only supports GPRS and not circuit switched traffic will always work in class C mode of operation.
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Network operation mode I: The network uses combined procedures. The MS needs only to monitor one common control channel, the CS common control channel or the PS common control channel.This mode requires the optional Gs interface between MSC and SGSN.
Network operation mode II: The network does not use combined procedures. All common control signaling, both for CS and PS connections, is performed over the CS common control channel. The Gs interface should not be present.
Network operation mode III: The network does not use combined procedures. All common control signaling for PS connections is performed over the PS common control channel, and all common control signaling for CS connections is performed over the CS common control channel. This require a class A or B MS to listen on two common control channels. The Gs interface should not be present.
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GPRS
How to upgrade a GSM network to GPRS? 1. For the BSS software upgrade hardware upgrade (PCU) 2. New GPRS support nodes (SGSN GGSN)
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Circuit Switched
Um Abis
TDM
Gb
IP
Gn Gi
Internet Corporate
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GPRS Structure
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Functions of SGSN?
The SGSN is the MSC of the GPRS network
At least one SGSN per GPRS network SGSN has the following functions: Protocol conversion between IP backbone and BSS protocols Authentication of GPRS users Mobility management of GPRS enabled MS Routing of data to the relevant GGSN Interaction with the NSS (MSC/VLR, HLR, EIR) via SS7 network Collection of charging data records pertaining to GPRS calls Collection of traffic statistics
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Functions of GGSN?
GGSN acts as a router to the external network GGSN has the following functions:
Routes mobile-destined packets coming from external networks to the relevant SGSN Routes packets originating from a mobile to the correct external Network Interfaces to external IP networks Collects charging data and traffic statistics Allocates dynamic or static IP addresses to mobiles either by itself or with the help of a DHCP or a RADIUS server
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BG
PLMN BG
PLMN GGSN
WAP
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GPRS charging data records (CDR) are generated by SGSNs and GGSNs in the network SGSN and GGSN transfer CDR using GTP The Charging Gateway
collects all this data together processes it passes it on to the Billing System
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GPRS Interface
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GPRS interfaces
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GPRS Interface
The most important open interfaces in the GPRS network are:
Gb - SGSN to BSS Gn - between GSNs (GTP) Gr - between SGSN and HLR (MAP) Gs - SGSN to MSC (BSSAP+) Gi - GGSN to external data networks Gf - SGSN and the EIR (MAP) Gd - SGSN and the GMSC (SMSC) Gp - between GSNs of different PLMNs
The user packets are transported encapsulated using the GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) over the GPRS backbone. The backbone is an IP network.
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PDCH carry GPRS data and control signaling PDCH classified into (details later)
PCCCH (Packet Common Control Channels) PBCCH (Packet Broadcast Control Channels) PDTCH (Packet Data Traffic Channels) PACCH (Packet Associated Control Channels)
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PBCCH
Packet Common Control Channel
Logical Channels
PDCCH
Packet Dedicated Control Channel
Traffic PCCCH
PDTCH
Packet Data Traffic Channel (UL/DL)
PPCH
Packet Paging Channel (DL)
PAGCH
Packet Access Grant Channel (DL)
PNCH
PTCCH/D
PRACH
Packet Random Access Channel (UL)
Packet Notification Packet Timing Channel (DL) advance Control Channel (DL)
PTCCH/U
Packet Timing advance Control Channel (UL)
PACCH
Packet Associated Control Channel (UL/DL)
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Broadcast channels
GSM
FCCH Frequency Correction Channel SCH Synchronization Channel BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
GPRS
PBCCH Packet Broadcast Control Channel
Broadcasts packet data specific System Information messages MS continuously monitors this GSM BCCH can also be used
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GPRS
PPCH (Packet Paging Channel)
Can be used for paging both CS & PS services GSM PCH can also be used
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Dedicated channels
GSM
SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Control Channel) SACCH (Slow Associated Control Channel) FACCH (Fast Associated Control Channel) TCH (EFR/FR/HR Traffic Channel)
GPRS
PACCH (Packet Associated Control Channel)
Bi-directional dedicated channel for transferring ack./power control or resource assignment/reassignment Messages
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1.Possibility Cell without MPDCH BCCH Broadcast for CS and GPRS CCCH Signaling for CS and GPRS
PCH PS Connection CS
BTS
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2.Possibility Cell with MPDCH First configured dedicated PDCH becomes MPDCH PBCCH PCCCH Traffic PDCH
CCCH BCCH PCH PPCH -> PBCCH, PCCCH on Channel X, TS Y CS PS Connection RACH PRACH Request for PS CS
BTS
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IP/X.25
Network
IP/X.25 SNDCP
Relay
SNDCP LLC
Data Link
GTP
GTP
UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
RLC MAC
IP L2 L1
IP L2 L1
GGSN Gn Gi 43
Physic
GSM rf
MT
44
45
Radio Blocks
(456 - M) bits MS M- bits
INFO Bits
RLC/MAC Block
Application
BTS
BSC
Gb
SGSN
LLC layer
USER DATA
GSM RF
PCU
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Physical Layer
Physical Layer :
Lowest layer of GPRS protocol stack Primary function is to provide services for information transfer over a physical channel Physical Layer is split into two sub-layers Physical RF layer
Modulation of RF signals at the transmitter GMSK for GPRS (1 symbol per bit) 8 PSK for EGPRS (1 symbol per 3 bits) Demodulation of RF signals at the receiver
Physical Layer
Physical Layer :
Physical RF layer Physical Link sublayer
Framing: Placement of data into bursts, frames, radio blocks, etc. Data coding for maximising the data throughput Detection and correction of errors due to noise in the medium Procedures for detecting congestion on the air interface Procedures for synchronising MS and network Procedures for monitoring and evaluation of radio link quality Procedures for cell (re-)selection Transmitter power control
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TBF
TBF is :
The transmission of packets to or from a certain MS The correspondence to a CS call setup is an assignment of an uplink or a downlink TBF for a packet transfer. An MS can have a TBF in one direction or one in each direction. Each TBF is identified by a Temporary Flow Identity (TFI) At assignment of a TBF, the MS is informed of which timeslot(s) to use and its TFI.
Limitation
Ms can have one TBF each direction UL/DL therefore MS can at most two active TBFs No. of TSL per TBF depends on
CS load Multi-slot MS QoS
Max no. of TBF (UL+DL) per TSL = 16 Max no. of TBF in UL per TSL = 7
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Medium Access Control (MAC) layer operates above Physical Link layer Connection oriented
Connections are called Temporary Block Flows (TBF) Logical unidirectional connection between two MAC entities Allocated resources on PDCH(s) One PDCH can accomodate multiple TBFs Temporary Flow Identity (TFI) is unique among concurrent TBFs in the same direction Global_TFI to each station
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GPRS Framing
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GPRS framing
Framing hierarchy
Bursts Radio blocks Frames Multiframes Superframes Hyperframes
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GSM Multi-Frame
1 hyper-frame = 2048 super-frames = 2,715,648 TDMA frames =3 hours 28 minutes 53 seconds 760 microseconds)
0 1 2 3 4 5
...
1 super-frame = 1326 TDMA frames (6.12 seconds) = 51 (26-frame) multi-frames or 26 (51-frame) multi-frames
0 0
2 1
...
...
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48
49 24
50 25
...
24 25
...
49 50
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IP Packet
Header
User data
Higher layer
LLC PDU
Header
Information field
Tail
LLC layer
1500 bytes
Radio Blocks
USF
RLC/MAC layer
20-50 bytes
RLC
Normal Normal Normal Normal Burst Burst Burst Burst
8PSK
Physical layer
4 114 bits
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GSM Burst
1 timeslot = 156.25 bit durations (15/26 =~ 0.577 ms) (1 bit duration 48/13 =~ 3.69 micro sec)
TB 3 TB 3 TB 3 TB 3
Encrypted bits 57
flag 1
Training sequence 26
flag 1
Encrypted bits 57
TB 3 TB 3
Fixed bits
142
Encrypted bits 39
Synchronization sequence 64
Encrypted bits 39
TB 3
Encrypted bits 36
TB 3
GP 68.25
TB 3
Training sequence 26
Mixed bits 58
TB 3
GP 8.25
56
57
58
59
GPRS Multiframe
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3
Radio Block0
TS4
TS5
TS7
TS8
Radio Block2
Radio Block3 Radio Block4 Radio Block5 Radio Block6 Radio Block7 Radio Block8 Radio Block9 Radio Block10 Radio Block11
PTCCH
Idle
Radio Block1
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GPRS Multiframe
GSM uses a 51-multiframe structure GPRS uses a 52-multiframe structure
Important concepts: Timeslots (TS), in which 114 bit bursts are sent (duration) Frames = Eight timeslots (8 * 114 bits)
Each multiframe has 12 blocks + 2 idle frames + 2 PTCCH frames 12 *4 + 2 +2 = 52 frames
Multiframe = 52 frames (52 * 8 * 114 bits) Radio block is 4 bursts from 4 consecutive frames in the same carrier and in the same TS (456 bits)
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PDCH Allocation
The PDCHs are allocated to the PCU. The PCU is then responsible for assigning channels to the different GPRS/EGPRS MS. The PDCH allocation can be done in different ways:
Dedicated PDCH and Semi-dedicated PDCH are allocated and de-allocated by operator command. On-demand PDCH, serving as temporary dynamic GPRS/EGPRS resources, are allocated and released depending on the GPRS/EGPRS traffic demand.
Channels that are allocated for GPRS/EGPRS (i.e. PDCHs) are allocated in sets of maximum eight consecutive time slots, (Such a set is called a PSET) The PSET can consist of both dedicated, semi-dedicated and on-demand PDCHs. All channels in a PSET are on the same frequency or hop on the same frequency hopping set. An MS can only be assigned PDCHs from one PSET. The number of PDCHs that can be allocated in a cell is depending on the number of available TCHs and GSLs (GPRS Signalling Link).
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Dedicated PDCH A dedicated PDCH can only be used for GPRS/EGPRS traffic. Dedicated PDCHs ensure that there always are GPRS/EGPRS resources in a cell. The operator can specify up to 16 dedicated PDCHs per cell.
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Semi-Dedicated PDCH Having the advantages of the dedicated PDCH (a semi-dedicated PDCH is not possible to pre-empt by the CSD) Having the possibility to save PCU resources. It is possible to request up to 16 semi-dedicated PDCHs per cell. (The total number of dedicated PDCHs and semi-dedicated PDCHs in the cell must not exceed 16)
CSD : Circuit Switched Domain
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On-demand PDCH
On-demand PDCH are only allocated from the Circuit Switched Domain (CSD) when there is a need for GPRS/EGPRS traffic. An on-demand PDCH can be pre-empted by incoming CS calls in congestion situations in the cell, thus a better use of the frequency spectrum. In a cell without any CS traffic it would be possible to use all channels for GPRS/EGPRS traffic provided if there are enough PCU resource. There is however a possibility to limit the number of on-demand PDCHs.
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GMM States
GPRS Attach/Detach Ready
Idle
Ready Timer Expiry Mobile Reachable Timer Expiry Standby Packet TX/RX
MS Location
Ready state Standby state Ready Idle No
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Idle State
The MS is turned on but not GPRS attached. The MS is "invisible" to GPRS, i.e outside the GPRS coverage area. The MS is not allocated any radio resources on a packet data physical channel. It listens to the PBCCH and PCCCH or, if those are not provided by the network, to the BCCH and the CCCH.
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Standby State
The MS is attached to the GPRS Mobility Management (MM) and sends Routing Area (RA) updates to the SGSN performs GPRS cell selection and re-selection.
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Ready State
A packet transfer is ongoing or has recently ended. A timer defines how long the MS remains in ready state after transfer. The MS performs cell update when changing cell in ready state. The MS is allocated radio resources on one or more packet data physical channels for the transfer of LLC PDUs.
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General Description
The MS selects the most suitable cell to camp on by calculating the value of C1, C31 and C32 for the serving cell and neighboring cells
If PBCCH in s-cell: C31/C32 If no PBCCH in s-cell: C1/C2
Only cells with BSICs as indicated in the GPRS BA list are allowed to be used for cell selection ** If PBCCH exists, it will be possible to use hystereses and offsets as well as a HCS structure
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Combined Procedures
Combined LA & RA update. Both CS and PS paging goes via the SGSN, i.e. the MS only needs to listens to one paging channel and the paging is performed per RA.
Combined Attach :
Combined GPRS and IMSI attach Results GSM and GPRS location update Needs Gs Interface
NOM (NMO) :
Is a parameter in Attach Request Message that shows to SGSN which kind of attach needed If NOM = 1 Combined attach If NOM = 2 Not Combined attach
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Layer 2 is called the NS layer. This layer is further divided into two separate layers.
The upper layer is called the Network Service Control (NSC). The lower layer is called the Sub-Network Service
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For the Sub-Network Service layer there are two alternative protocols:
Frame Relay (ETSI Rel 97&98&99) Long distance between SGSN & PCU
Is frame mode interface specification providing a signalling and data transfer mechanism between end-points in the network. The endpoints of the Gb interface are the BSC and the SGSN. FR shall transparently transfer NS PDUs between an SGSN and a BSC.
Gb over IP and Gb over FR is not supported simultaneously in the same BSC Gb over IP is required for SGSN in Pool If FR is used for transport, a BSC can only be connected to one SGSN If IP is used for transport and if feature SGSN in Pool is available, one BSC can be connected to multiple SGSNs.
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DTM
Dual Transfer Mode (DTM) enables a user to run CS and PS services simultaneously, e.g. DTM enables support for PS services to be run in parallel with a CS call. The DTM concept is described in 3GPP Technical Specifications as a form of simplified class A operation for an MS. In DTM, the MS has a CS connection to the network and has simultaneously allocated radio resources on one or more Packet Data Channels (PDCHs). The number of timeslots that can be allocated for DTM to be used for a CS and a PS connection and the relative order and placement of the timeslots must comply with the DTM multislot class defined for the MS. DTM can only be entered in case there is an existing CS connection. If the MS is in Packet Transfer Mode when a CS connection is to be added, the packet transfer has to be temporarily halted, the CS connection is established and then the packet transfer is resumed by entering DTM.
GPRS Signalling on Main DCCH is a function that is available for DTM capable MSs that have an existing CS connection. The function makes it possible to set up PS resources by using the signalling resources from the CS connection, and to do cell update or routing area update during a CS call. Pure GPRS signalling (LLC frames) can be sent both in uplink and downlink direction using a tunneling mechanism. The messages are sent on the FACCH or SDCCH. 83
DTM
DTM Assignment
DTM
DTM Assignment
CS Released
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SAPI
It is added in LLC frame header It shows followings :
GMM Message User Date Message SMS
Note : PCU can support message up to RLC layer and upper layer messages are processed by MS and GPRS, so SAPI isnt checked by PCU
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PDPID
PDPID :
Is stored in HLR One PDP ID per each users subscribed service should be assigned. Each service consists of some facilities which are served to user
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GPRS KPI
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GPRS Performance
For the Packet Switched domain, it is much more difficult to define STS counters in the BSS because:
1) The GPRS/EGPRS system has many layers of protocols. A session where a TBF is dropped for some reason, a retainability problem on BSS level, will normally be kept alive by TCP until a new TBF is established. 2) The GPRS/EGPRS network is a bearer for a number of different applications with different requirements. An interruption in the data transfer for a few seconds would appear as a serious performance problem to a WAP user. It would hardly be noticed by a user performing downloading of e-mails in the background.
The terms accessibility, retainability and integrity can be applied to the GPRS/EGPRS system, but only on higher layers, and by considering events, which are invisible to the BSS.
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Reference to CS Traffic
A) Accessibility (Call Success Rate) B) Retainability (Drop Call Rate) C) Integrity (Speech Quality Index)
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Accessibility
(GPRS Attach failure, PDP context activation failures, GPRS service access failure,TBF and CCCH Request Failure Rate )
Retainability
(FTP/WAP/Web/SMTP/POP3 transfer failure, TBF pre-emption rate & Mean Time between TBF pre-emption )
QoS
(GPRS Attach time, PDP Context activation time, GPRS Service access time, transfer rate, LLC Throughput & TBF load )
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IP Throughput
Measures the total amount of data divide by the total time taken to transmit it
IP Latency
IP latency measures the delay Gb-BSS-MS-BSS-Gb
IP Transfer Interrupt
Determine how often the IP transfer is interrupted
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Other Issues
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Timeslot sharing
A Voice call require the GPRS TS
BCCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
GPRS GPRS
GPRS
BTS
Site with one carrier will be able to share time slots (Voice and GPRS)
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There are two main ways to allocate resources after receiving the initiating messages from the MS:
1) 2) The MS is assigned resources on one or several timeslots, i.e. TBF is established (short access or one-phase access used as access type by the MS). A single timeslot is reserved for the sending of one uplink RLC block: This is used to let the MS send a Packet Resource Request message, to further specify its capabilities and/or demands. The PCU responds to this and assigns resources with a Packet Uplink Assignment to the MS, i.e. TBF is established (two-phase access used as access type by the MS).
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Uplink Packet Transfer Procedure Channel request Message (MS to BSS on RACH)
Its consist of : Random reference Establishment Cause
SMS Signalling Single block (2 Phase Access) One phase access
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PDCH Reservation
PDCH reservations is :
the algorithm that controls which PDCHs in a cell a certain TBF should use. PDCHs are reserved for a TBF, uplink or downlink, in accordance with the GPRS/EGPRS MS multislot class, MS type (GPRS or EGPRS) and Quality of Service. The type of information transferred on the PDCH will also affect the reservation algorithm. The reservation of TBFs on PSETs are continuously supervised to check if it is possible to improve any reservations. Procedures to improve a PDCH reservation are: 1) 2) 3) Upgrade of a PDCH reservation Dynamic DL/UL PDCH reservation Re-reservation of PDCH reservation
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It is possible to configure uplink and downlink separately. The IR-method is always combined with LA. The difference between LA and LA/IR is that LA/IR uses a more aggressive MCS selection and that resegmentation is not allowed in the two LA/IR modes. When running in LA/IR mode there are two variants to select from. One is the normal LA/IR-mode, the other is LA/IR combined with an additional BLER measurement. With the added BLER measurement the MCS selection algorithm becomes more stabile and the MCS selection is even more aggressive.
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Quality of Service
The purpose of QoS is
to differentiate access and bandwidth proportionally to the priority of the different user subscriptions. This is achieved with a QoS reservation and scheduling algorithm. In the R99 standard, new procedures are introduced to let BSS negotiate the QoS with SGSN. At activation of the PDP-Context between the MS and SGSN, a QoS level is negotiated between BSS and the SGSN. The QoS level is valid per Packet Flow Context (PFC) for an MS in BSS. In downlink the MS can have several PFCs activated in BSS, i.e. an MS can have more than one application running at the same time. In uplink there can only be one active PFC for an MS.
The inputs for the negotiation of a QoS level, are the QoS attributes and network capability. There are four main traffic classes, Background, Interactive, Streaming and Conversational where the Ericsson BSS supports Background, Interactive and Streaming:
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Quality of Service
Background :
The Background class is intended to be used by applications where the data is not required to arrive within a certain time, e.g. e-mail and file transfers.
Interactive :
The Interactive class is intended to be used by applications where the end-user is requesting data on line and thus is expecting data to arrive quite quickly, e.g. web-browsing. It is possible to differentiate between users in the Interactive class, 3 levels of priority are available.
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Quality of Service
Streaming :
The Streaming class is intended to be used by applications where the end-user is requesting real time data such as video or audio clips. Introducing the support of the QoS traffic class Streaming makes it possible to fulfill Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) requirements for Streaming applications also in cells with high traffic load. Within traffic class Streaming there are two different priorities, Media Streaming and EIT Streaming. Media Streaming has the highest priority and is used by audio-video applications with high requirements on bandwidth. EIT Streaming is used for delay sensitive application that does not require that high bandwidth, for example applications like Push to Talk.
Ericsson BSS also supports Quality of Service for MSs and SGSNs supporting only 3GPP R97/R98 by mapping the R97/R98 specific QoS attributes onto the classes specified in R99 version of QoS.
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PDCH Allocation
The total bandwidth on the channel has to be shared among all GPRS/EGPRS MSs using that channel. If a GPRS/EGPRS MS requests a channel in a cell where no GPRS/EGPRS channels can be allocated, e.g. when all channels in a cell are used as TCHs. In this case, the GPRS/EGPRS user will not get any resources, and the GPRS/EGPRS MS will find itself blocked from the system until the congestion decreases. When channels are requested due to signalling (cell update, mobility management) as few PDCHs as possible are allocated. When channels are requested for data (user data, paging response) as many PDCHs as possible according to the multi slot class and the requested coding scheme of the MS are allocated The PDCHs can be either:
CS-1 to CS-2 (GPRS) capable, B-PDCH CS-1 to CS-4 (GPRS) capable, G-PDCH CS-1 to CS-4 (GPRS) and MCS-1 to MCS-9 (EGPRS) capable, E-PDCH
PDCHs can be allocated in underlaid as well as in overlaid subcells, allowing GPRS/EGPRS in underlaid and overlaid subcells
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