Civil Engineering Department, TIST Arakkunnam, Ernakulam

Introduction
Repair Partial improvement of the degraded or deteriorated strength of a building

Retrofitting Structural strengthening of a building to a predefined performance level whether or not there is any damage. For EQ, Terrorist attack, Higher loads etc
Col-beam joint retrofit

Rehabilitation A functional improvement by replacement of extensively deteriorated, damaged or missing features using traditional or substitute material.
Rehabilitation of a hotel

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Introduction contd..
Restoration A reconstruction or reproduction of an existing or ancient building to bring it back to its original state.

Restoration of a light house

Remoulding Reestablish on a new usually improved basis or make completely new.

Remoulding stone block

Many Federal, State, and County Governments have found rehabilitation of existing Structures to be more cost effective compared to the entire demolition and replacement of the existing structure.
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A. Repair Materials and Methods

A1. Repair Methodology Depends on
yRepair

materials yCause of failure/ deterioration yLocation of site yType of structure yEconomy

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A 1.1 Based on Materials A1.1.1. Polymer Concrete

patching on vertical, overhead and horizontal surfaces; structural crack repair and sealing; structural bonding and grouting; underwater and splash zone repairs and control; expansion joint sealing.

By Polymer impregnation in concrete Polymers, monomers, styrene, polyesters

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Premixed polyester styrene resin concrete Methyl methacrylate aggregate slurry mixed with mortar mixers is may be consolidated and struck off with a transverse vibrating screed. The overlay applied to a shotblasted surface is typically 6 to 25 mm thick. (styrene)

some specialized monomers

SA Stearyl Acrylate
Offers low toxicity Improved water resistance, hardness, and flexibility Low volume shrinkage in polymerization

IB-X Isobornyl Methacrylate

Offers adhesion, hardness, heat/water resistance, low toxicity and low shrinkage

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A1.1.2. Epoxy grouts, mortars & coatings

Rapid setting mortars -Use on grade, above and below grade on concrete -Highway overlays and repairs -Structural repair material for concrete roadways, parking structures, bridges, dams and ramps -Full depth patching repairs Polymer-modified cement-based mortar -Horizontal and vertical surfaces - Repair bug holes and honeycombs - Leveling and resurfacing distressed concrete - Provides consistent color and texture Fiber-reinforced repair mortars - Bridges, parking garages and tunnels - Manhole, wet well, sewer and lift station repairs - Where high durability is needed - Vertical and overhead repair of concrete and masonry - Piers, navigation locks, dams, sea walls and other marine structures
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Epoxy paste -Structurally repairs cracked concrete - For slabs, walls, patios, driveways, parking garages and any structures Polyurethanes injection systems - Cracks in tanks - Tunnels - Pipes - Basements - Pools - Any structure where water intrusion must be stopped

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A.1.1.3. Latex Modified Concrete

(Rapid Set Latex Modified Concrete )(RSLMC)

a quick-setting concrete y used primarily for bridge deck overlays. y the latex improves an already very low permeability y helps to protect the steel in the bridges. y the rapid set cement in the concrete allows the bridge to return to normal surface and traffic use within 4 hours of final finishing.
y

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A2. Issues Related to Material technology

micro structural properties monitored to get the macro behavior results.

Justification of High cost Superior strength, Long term life cycle behavior Minimum or nil maintenance

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A3. Desired Properties of Repair Material

Minimum desired characteristics

characteristics
High performance, high durability, low maintenance cost Easiness of usage, increase productivity, reduce construction cycle time Reduced sensitivity for size, storage & substrate conditions such as temp., moisture, place of application etc. Environmental friendly (which do not emanate toxic or irritating fumes during service.) Having less density or unit weight (usage will not add to the dead weight of the substrate.)

examples
Composites, block copolymer, high performance concrete. High flow self- leveling concrete/mortar, set controlling materials Epoxy compounds

Infrared system of repair

Aerated repair materials

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Environmental friendly repair system Infrared system of repair The Infrared process Heat the existing wearing course of a road, footpath or any other asphalt surface using infrared technology. Infrared patching recycle of Surface Course (wearing course), Binder Course (base course) and underlying bituminous materials where the materials are heated in-situ using an Infrared recycler, scarified by hand using a rake, liquid rejuvenation binder added to the existing materials and fresh asphalt or similar approved material added before compaction Environmentally Friendly All existing materials recycled in repair, no disposal to landfill , the process creates minimal noise, other than a roller for compaction

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A4. Materials for Repair

Material
Portland cement based material Resin based products (epoxy resin)

Examples
Portland cement mortar, portland cement concrete Normal grade epoxy Low viscosity epoxy Normal grade epoxy mixed with sand

Advantages/ disadvantages
Causes shrinkage, cracking and eventually failure of the repair work For bonding For crackwidth<=0.1mm For grouting and patchwork Increased plasticity &hence reduction in shrinkage stresses Achieve high early strength & hence suitable to apply in complicated locations Long service life, can be applied without stopping the func of the bldg/stru

Polymer modified cement products Micro concrete

Acrylic polymer products

Type A normal strength Type B high strength

Fibre reinf cement composites

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A5. New Repair System / Products

New products are being developed keeping in mind that they shall be stronger, lighter, durable and economical. Some products & their place of application etc is given.
product FRP Composites component high strength fibers (such as glass, and carbon) embedded in a resin matrix uses
wShear

Capacity Improvement ,Flexural Capacity Improvement ,

wCompression wBlast wCrack

Capacity Improvement ,

Mitigation ,Seismic Upgrades Control,New Slab Penetrations

FRP composite bars

Corrosive environment, in structures subjected to severe weather or de icing salts Micro structure property High rise bldg. col., offshore platforms, heavy duty floors with congested reinf., pavements

High performance concrete

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New Repair System / Products Contd..

product
Special admixtures (airentraining agents) Super plasticizers

component
water based solutions (vinsol resins)

uses
the freeze-thaw durability, more workable , Reduces bleeding and segregation Advantageous for repair work, Impart excellent Fluidity at low dosage, High strength and durability general repair work and bonding applications, virtually eliminate cracking in high value flooring For self consolidating concrete, under water concreting
wimproves

Delayed release mechanism (PolyCarboxylic Ethers) Reduces surface tension even after the conc hardens & hence reduces shrinkage provide pseudo plastic flow (viscosity reducing) delays the set of the surface of concrete

Shrinkage reducing agent Viscosity modifying agent Retarders

For concreting operations in direct sun, wind, high temp, or low relative humidity

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New Repair System / Products Contd..

product
Corrosion inhibiting admixtures High performance cementatious system

component
Calcium nitrite

uses
coating is most effective in corrosive environment Are micro defect free (MDF), very strong & dense
wEpoxy

Chemically bonded ceramics (CBC), densified system contains ultra fine particles (DSUP) Belite cement or sulfo aluminate cement

Injection materials

Reduces surface tension even after the conc hardens & hence reduces shrinkage

To restore the structural stability, to protect the reinf. From misture, to stop water & air from entering the structure

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New Repair System / Products Contd..

HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

concrete that meets special performance and durability requirements in terms of mechanical properties, volume stability and longer life in severe environmental conditions to which the concrete is exposed during its service life.
SUPER PLASTICIZERS Polycarboxylate Ether Impart excellent Fluidity at low dosage ,IS : 9103 1999, High strength and durability, Maximum W/C Ratio 0.35 ,Very low slump loss factor VISCISITY MODIFYING AGENTS

Visctrol and Eucon ABS - These viscosity-modifying admixtures control bleeding and segregation in self-consolidating concrete. When materials are not an optimum gradation, viscosity modifiers maintain homogenous concrete
Civil Engineering Department, TIST