LINES & PLANES IN 3-D

11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN LINES AND PLANES

A

Differentiating Between 2-D and 3-D Shapes 2-D Shapes 3-D Shapes Have length, breadth and
height or depth Have both area and volume Examples:

Have length and breadth only Have area only Examples:

Square

Triangle

Cuboid

Cylinder

B 1 2

Identifying Horizontal Planes, Vertical Planes And Inclined Planes

A plane is a flat surface. There are three types of planes, namely, horizontal plane, vertical plane and inclined plane.

Vertical plane

Horizontal plane

Identifying Horizontal Planes, Vertical Planes And Inclined Planes

Inclined plane

Sketching A 3-D Shape and Identifying The Specific Planes

X

Plane KLMN XON

Type Horizontal Vertical Inclined Vertical Inclined

LMX
L O N M

XKM XNK

Identifying Lines That Lie or Intersect With A Plane

A R B

S D C

In the diagram above, the line RS said to lie on the plane ABCD. Each point on the line RS lies on the plane ABCD.

Identifying Lines That Lie or Intersect With A Plane G

A B

D H

In the diagram above, the line GH said to intersect with the plane ABCD. The line GH meets the plane ABCD at the point only.

Identifying Lines That Lie or Intersect With A Plane

X

In the diagram above, the line AX and BX are also intersect with the plane ABCD.

Identifying Normals to A Plane

Normal to plane

A normal is a straight line that is perpendicular to a plane.

Drawing and Naming The Orthogonal Projection of A Line on A Plane

P A B Normal to plane O Q

Orthogonal projection on plane

The orthogonal projection of a line OP on a plane with a point O is the line OQ. Q is the point of intersection of the normal from P to the plane.

Drawing and Naming The Orthogonal Projection of The Line GK on The Plane JKLM D
Line Orthogonal Projection

G E J F K M
GK KM

Drawing and Naming The Orthogonal Projection of The Line GK on The Plane DEFG D
Line Orthogonal Projection

G E J F K M
GK GE

Drawing and Naming The Orthogonal Projection of The Line MS on The Plane PKNS P Q K L M R N S
Line Orthogonal Projection

MS

SN

Drawing and Naming The Orthogonal Projection of The Line PL on The Plane QLMR P Q K L M R N S
Line Orthogonal Projection

PL

LQ

Drawing and Naming The Orthogonal Projection of The Line NL on The Plane PQLK P
Line Orthogonal Projection

Q K L R N M S
NL

LK

Drawing and Naming The Orthogonal Projection of The Line LN on The Plane RMNS P
Line Orthogonal Projection

Q K L R N M S
LN

NM

Determining The Angle Between A Line and A Plane

P A B Normal to plane O Q

Orthogonal projection on plane

The angle between a line and a plane is the angle between the line and its orthogonal projection on the plane. < POQ is the angle between the line OP and the plane.

Determining The Angle Between A Line and A Plane D

Line GK JKLM

G E J F K M

Plane

Orthogonal KM projection Angle < GKM

Determining The Angle Between A Line and A Plane D

Line KG DEFG

G E J F K M

Plane

Orthogonal GE projection Angle

< KGE

Determining The Angle Between A Line and A Plane P

Q K L R N M S

Line Plane

LN RMNS

Orthogonal NM projection Angle

< LNM

Determining The Angle Between A Line and A Plane P Q K L M R N S

Line Plane

MS PKNS

Orthogonal SN projection Angle

< MSN

11.2 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES

A

Identifying The Line of Intersection Between Two Planes

The planes that intersect meet at a straight line. The line is called the line of intersection of the two planes.

1 2

Line of intersection

11.2 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES

B

Determining The Line On Each Plane Which Is Perpendicular to The Line of Intersection of The Two Planes
P The straight line AC is on the plane PQRS and the straight line BC is on the plane RSTU. Q

A S T

B C

11.2 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES

B

Determining The Line On Each Plane Which Is Perpendicular to The Line of Intersection of The Two Planes
P Both the lines AC and BC are drawn from the point C, which is on the line of intersection between plane PQRS and plane RSTU. Q

A S T

B C

11.2 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES

B

Determining The Line On Each Plane Which Is Perpendicular to The Line of Intersection of The Two Planes
P Both the lines AC and BC are perpendicular to the intersection between the two planes. Q

A S T

B C

11.2 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES

B

Determining The Line On Each Plane Which Is Perpendicular to The Line of Intersection of The Two Planes
P The edges QR and UR are also straight lines, with QR on the plane PQRS and UR on A the plane RSTU. Both lines are drawn from the point R, which is on the line of intersection of the Q two planes are B perpendicular to it.

11.2 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES

B

Determining The Line On Each Plane Which Is Perpendicular to The Line of Intersection of The Two Planes
P The edges QR and UR are also straight lines, with QR on the plane PQRS and UR on A the plane RSTU. Both lines are drawn from the point R, which is on the line of intersection of the Q two planes are B perpendicular to it.

Determining The Angle Between Two Planes

A
The angle between two intersecting planes is the angle between two lines, on each plane. These two lines must have a common point and perpendicular to the line of intersection F between the two planes.

M B C

N X

Angle between Two planes

< MXN is the angle between the plane ABEF and the plane BCDE.

EXAMPLE

State the angle between the plane PQLM and the plane PQKN Q
The angle between the planes PQLM and PQKN < LPK or < MQN

S K N

EXAMPLE

State the angle between the plane GJK and the plane JKLM

< GJM

J E

EXAMPLE

State the angle between the plane GJK and the plane DEJK

< GJD

J E

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO
OPPOSITE SIDE (O)

Sin Cos Tan

ADJACENT SIDE (A)

H A = H = O A

= O

PYTHOGORAS THEOREM

a2 + b2 = c2

PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLES
+ = 2 + 82 = 102 6 92 + 122 = 152 2 + 122 = 132 5 82 + 152 = 172
2 3 2 4 2 5

3 6 9 5 8

4 5 8 10 12 15 12 13 15 17

Red colored number is the hypotenuse

12 8 ? 6 13 12 ? 17 ? 5 15 10 9 15 ? 8

Calculate the angle between plane PBC and plane ABCD.

Line that is perpendicular to the line of intersection P Normal 12 cm 15 cm T A Orthogonal projection D C U B Line of intersection S 9 cm R

12 cm

9 cm

Tan PUT = 12 9 PUT = 5308

Calculate the angle between plane PBC and plane BCRQ.

S P 9 cm 9 cm R

Q 12 cm

12 cm

D 15 cm T A B

C U

Tan PUQ = 9 12 PUQ = 36052

Calculate the angle between plane PRV and plane QRVU. P 5 cm 5 cm S T R U 12 cm Q 4 cm

12 cm

Tan PRQ = 12 5 PRQ = 67023

Calculate the angle between plane SRV and plane RSTU. V 5cm

T W 5cm S

12 cm U 12 cm R 10 cm

Tan VST = 5 12 VST = 22037

Diagram 2 shows a cuboid with base TUVW.

P 5 cm T S 12 cm R Q 4 cm U

Tan PRS = 5 12 PRS = 22037

12 cm DIAGRAM 2

Calculate the angle between plane PRV and plane RSVW.

Diagram 5 shows a cuboid PQRSDEFG with a horizontal square base PQRS. D E P Q F J 6 cm G 8 cm S R DIAGRAM 5 J is the midpoint of DG. QR = RS = 12 cm and FR = 8cm. (a) Name the angle between the plane JRS and the plane RSGF, (b) Calculate the angle between the plane JRS and the plane RSGF.

(a) JSG (b) Tan JSG = 6 8 JSG = 36052

P1

K1
N1

12 cm 8 cm

Diagram 6 shows a right prism with an isosceles triangle base, STU. The isosceles triangle STU is the uniform cross-section of the prism. P Q ST = SU and W is the midpoint of TU.

13 cm

(a) Name the angle between the line PW and the base STU, (b) Calculate the angle between the line PW a the base STU.

(a) PWS
S 8 cm 10 cm U DIAGRAM 6 T yW 12 cm

P1

(b) Tan PWS = 13 8 PWS = 58024

K1
N1

Diagram 7 shows a right prism with a horizontal rectangular base PQRS. VUQR is a trapezium. M and N are the midpoints of PS and QR respectively. (a) Name the angle between the line TR and the base PQRS, (b) Calculate the angle between the line TR and the base PQRS. W 6 cm T (a) TRM V U 5cm My P 8 cm Q DIAGRAM 7 8 cm S 10 cm

P1

(b) Tan TRM = 5 K1 5 cm 10 TRM = 26034 N1

R

yN 6 cm 12 cm

Diagram 9 shows a right prism with a horizontal rectangular base PQRS. W E T 5 cm U P 12 cm Q 8 cm R S F 9 cm V

DIAGRAM 9 Given that E and F are midpoints of WV and SR respectively. a) Find the length of PF b) Calculate the angle between the line PE and the plane PQRS c) Name the angle between the plane PQVE and the plane PQUT.

W E T 5 cm P 8 cm U S 6 cm F 10 cm 12 cm Q 8 cm 9 cm V

a) Find the length of PF

10 cm

W E T 5 cm U P 12 cm Q S 10 cm F 8 cm R 9 cm 9 cm V

b) Calculate the angle between the line PE and the plane PQRS.

Tan EPF = 9 10 EPF = 41059

W E T 5 cm U P 12 cm Q 8 cm R S F 9 cm V

c) Name the angle between the plane PQVE and the plane PQUT.

< VQU

SPM 2003 : No 4
Diagram 1 shows a right prism with a horizontal square base HJKL. Trapezium EFLK is the uniform cross-section of the prism. The rectangular surface DEKJ is vertical while the rectangular surface GFLH is inclined. [4 marks] D G

E J 6 cm

8 cm Diagram 1

Calculate the angle between the plane DLH and the base HJKL.

Answer: D G

< DHJ
6 cm
E F J

10cm
H

8 cm

6 cm
K

8 cm

D 10 6 J 8 Tan DHJ = 6 8 DHJ = 36.90 H P1 K1 N1

ANOTHER ANSWERS Sin DHJ = 6 10 DHJ = 36.90

Cos DHJ = 8 10 DHJ = 36.90