Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Water
Overview: The Molecule That Supports All
of Life
δ–
+ Hydrogen
H bonds
δ– o
+ H
δ– +
+ δ–
3.1
Emergent Properties of Water
Cohesion and Adhesion
Moderation of Temperature
Ice Floats on Water
Water is the Solvent of Life
3.2
Cohesion and Adhesion
Cohesion
– Is the bonding of a high percentage of the
molecules to neighboring water molecules
– Is due to hydrogen bonding
Adhesion
– Is the clinging of one substance to another
– Is due to hydrogen bonding
3.3
Moderation of Temperature
Heat
– Is a measure of the total amount of kinetic
energy due to molecular motion
Temperature
– Measures the intensity of heat
The specific heat of a substance
– Is the amount of heat that must be absorbed
or lost for 1 gram of that substance to change
its temperature by 1ºC
3.4
Water’s Specific Heat
Water has a high specific heat
– Hydrogen bonds store energy transferred to
them as heat
Hydrogen
bonds
Ice Liquid water
Hydrogen bonds are stable Hydrogen bonds
constantly break and re-form
3.5
???
H 2 O is cohesive
because it readily
hydrogen bonds with
water molecules
around it. Water
droplets are, therefore,
attracted other
droplets such as those
in the picture at left.
3.6
???
3.6
???
3.6
Water as a Solvent
The different regions of the polar water molecule can
interact with ionic compounds called solutes and
dissolve them
Negative –
oxygen regions Na+
+ +
of polar water –
molecules are +
– –
attracted to sodium Na +
–
cations (Na+). +
+ –
Cl– Cl
–
+ –
+ –
+ –
–
Positive
hydrogen regions
of water molecules
cling to chloride
anions (Cl–).
Solutions, solvent and solutes
SOLUTION – a liquid homogeneous mixture made
of solvent and solutes
SOLUTE –
–
SOLVENT – Na+
+ The substance
The dissolving + –
usually water) + +
Cl– Cl –
+ –
–
+ –
+
–
3.7
Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic
– philios –Greek for “loving”
– phobos –Greek for “fearing”
3.8
Water Dissociation (separation)
(produces)
+ -
H 2O H + OH
-7
Concentration: 10
-7
M 10 M
3.9
M = Molar = Moles per liter
Acids and Bases
Acids – a substance that increases
hydrogen ion concentration in solution
+ -
H increasing increasing OH
3.10
pH
This scale is used to relate the amount of
hydrogen and hydroxide ions in an aqueous
(water) solution
+
pH = - log [H ]
+ - -7
pH 7 = [H ] = [OH ] = 10
Changing pH by 1 is a ten fold change in ion
concentration
0
1 Battery acid
Increasingly Acidic
2 Digestive (stomach)
pH 5 Black coffee
Rainwater
6 Urine
Scale
[H+] = [OH–] Human blood
8
Seawater
9
Increasingly Basic
[H+] < [OH–]
10
Milk of magnesia
11
Household ammonia
12
Household bleach
13
Oven cleaner 3.10
14
Buffers
Buffers minimize changes in pH in a
+ -
solution by bonding to H or OH ions.
(basic)
When pH rises
H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
When pH drops
(acidic)
???
Respiratory Alkalosis
– Caused by an inability to exhale CO
– Common in COPD (emphysema)
+
CO2 + H HCO3-
(basic)
When pH rises
H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
When pH drops
(acidic)
3.11