Project presentation

Dc to dc converter using microcontroller Batch 5

Outline 3.1 Basic DC to DC converters 3.1.1 Buck converter (Step- down converter) 3.1.2 Boost converter (Step-up converter) 3.2 Composite DC/DC converters and connection of multiple DC/DC converters 3.2.1 A current-reversible chopper 3.2.2 Bridge chopper (H-bridge DC/DC converter) 3.2.3 Multi-phase multi-channel DC/DC converters

Basic DC to DC converters
Buck converter SPDT switch changes dc component Switch output voltage waveform Duty cycle D: 0 D 1 complement Dd: D = 1 - D
Vg
+ -

1 2

+ Vs(t)

V(t)

Vs(t)

Vg DTs
switch position:

Dds T 0 DTs Ts 2 1 t

0 1

Dc component of switch output voltage

Vs(t)

Vg
area= D Ts V g

<Vs>=DVg 0 DTs Ts t

Fourier analysis:DC component =average value: <Vs> = <Vs> = 1 Ts

Ts

Vs(t) dt
0

1 DTsVg =DVg Ts

Insertion of low- pass filter to remove switching harmonics and pass only dc component
L

1 Vg
+ -

+ Vs(t) C

V(t) -

v <vs> =DVg

V Vg o 0 1 D

Basic operation principle of buck converter

L

1 Buck converter with ideal switch Vg

+ -

+ Vs(t) C

V(t) -

+ L

ic(t) R

Realization using power MOSFET and diode Vg + -

iL(t)
+
DTs Ts t

VL(t) D1

Thought process in analyzing basic DC/DC converters 1) Basic operation principle (qualitative analysis) How does current flows during different switching states How is energy transferred during different switching states 2) Verification of small ripple approximation 3) Derivation of inductor voltage waveform during different switching states 4) Quantitative analysis according to inductor volt-second balance or capacitor charge balance

Actual output voltage waveform of buck converter

1

iL(t)+
2

L VL(t)

ic(t)
C +

Buck converter containing practical low-pass filter Vg

+ -

V(t) -

v(t ) Actual output voltage waveform v(t ) = V + v ripple(t) 0 V

Actual waveform

v(t ) = V + v ripple(t)
DC component V

Buck converter analysis: inductor current waveform

1

iL(t)+
2

L VL(t)

ic(t)
C +

original converter

Vg
+ -

V(t) -

iL(t)+
Vg
+ -

Switch in position 1 L

Switch in position 2 L + + VL(t)

VL(t) C

ic(t) R

ic(t)
C

V(t) -

Vg
+ -

V(t) -

iL(t)

Inductor voltage and current subinterval 1: switch in position 1

Inductor voltage vL=Vg - v(t) Small ripple approximation: vL=Vg - V Vg

iL(t)+
+ -

L VL(t)

ic(t)
C +

V(t) -

Knowing the inductor voltage, we can now find the inductor current via diL(t) dt Solve for the slope: vL(t)=L vL(t) diL(t) = L dt Vg - V L the inductor current changes with an essentially constant slope

Inductor voltage and current subinterval 2: switch in position 2

+ L VL(t)

Inductor voltage vL= - v(t) Small ripple approximation: vL -V Vg

+ -

ic(t)
C +

V(t) -

iL(t)

Knowing the inductor voltage, we can now find the inductor current via diL (t) vL(t)=L dt Solve for the slope: diL(t) dt V L the inductor current changes with an essentially constant slope

Inductor voltage and current waveforms

VL(t)

Vg -V DTs
switch position:

DTs t -V 2 iL(DTs) 1 iL -V L DTs Ts t diL (t) vL(t)=L dt

1 iL(t) I iL(0)

Vg -V L

Determination of inductor current ripple magnitude

iL(t) I iL(0) iL(DTs) Vg -V L DTs Vg -V L -V L Ts length of subinterval DTs L = Vg -V DTs 2 iL

iL

changes in iL = slope 2 iL = iL = Vg -V DTs 2L

Inductor current waveform during start-up transient

iL(t)

iL(Ts) iL(0)=0 DTs Ts 0

Vg v(t) L -v(t) L 2Ts

iL(nTs) iL((n+1)Ts) nTs (n+1)Ts t

When the converter operates in equilibrium: iL((n+1)Ts)= iL(nTs)

Inductor defining relation:

The principle of inductor volt- second balance: Derivation di (t)

vL(t)=L
L

dt

Integrate over one complete switching period:

1 iL(Ts) - iL(0)= L
Ts

Ts

VL(t)dt
0

In periodic steady state, the net changes in inductor current is zero:

0 =
0

VL(t) dt

Hence, the total area(or volt-seconds)under the inductor voltage waveform is zero whenever the converter operates in steady state. An equivalent form: 1 Ts 0 = Ts VL(t) dt = <vL> 0 The average inductor voltage is zero in steady state.

Inductor volt-second balance:Buck converter example

VL(t)

inductor voltage waveform previously derived: Vg -V DTs total area t -V

Integral of voltage waveform is area of rectangles:

Ts

=
0

VL(t) dt = (Vg V)( DTs)+( -V) ( DTs)

average voltage is
<vL> = Ts =D (Vg V) +D'( -V)

Equate to zero and solve for V:

0=D Vg (D+D')V= D Vg V

V=D Vg

3.1.2Boost converter Boost converter example

L

2 iC(t) 1
C +

Boost converter with ideal switch

iL(t) + Vg
+ -

vL(t)

v -

+ L

D1 ic(t) Q1
C +

Realization using power MOSFET and diode Vg + -

iL(t)

VL(t)
+ -

v -

DTs Ts

Boost converter analysis

L

2 iC(t) 1
C +

original converter

iL(t) + Vg
+ -

vL(t)

v -

Switch in position 1 L

Switch in position 2 L

iL(t) + Vg
+ -

vL(t)

iC(t)
C

iL(t) +
-

vL(t)

iC(t)
C

v Vg + -

v -

Subinterval 1: switch in position 1

Inductor voltage and capacitor current vL=Vg iC= - v/R Small ripple approximation: vL=Vg iC= - V/R Vg
+ L

iL(t) +

vL(t)

iC(t)
C

v -

Subinterval 2: switch in position 2

Inductor voltage and capacitor current vL=Vg -v iC=iL - v/R Small ripple approximation: vL=Vg -V iC= I - V/R Vg
+ L

iL(t) +

vL(t)

iC(t)
C

v -

Inductor voltage and capacitor current waveforms

VL(t)

Vg DTs

D'Ts t Vg -V

iC(t)

1 V/R DTs -V/R D'Ts t

Inductor volt- second balance

Net volt-seconds applied to inductor over one switching period
Ts

VL(t)

Vg DTs

D'Ts Vg -V

VL(t) dt = ( Vg) DTs+(Vg V) D'Ts

0

Equate to zero and collect terms Vg D+ D' -VD'=0 Solve for V V= Vg D' The voltage conversion ratio is therefore 1 V 1 M D = = D' = 1-D Vg

Conversion ratio M(D) of the boost converter

5 4 M D 3 2 1 0 0

1 1 M D = D' = 1-D

0.2

0.4 D

0.6

0.8

Determination of inductor current dc component

Capacitor charge balance
Ts 0

iC(t) V R DTs D'Ts -V/R I Vg/R 8 6 4 0 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 D 1 I V/R D'Ts

iC(t) dt =

V R

DTs + I-

Collect terms and equate to zero V D+D' +I D'=0

R Solve for I I=

V D'R

Eliminate V to express in terms of Vg Vg I= 2 D' R

Continuous- Conduction- Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous ConductionMode (DCM) of boost

VD

EM

uo

a)

SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

PIC 16F877