AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1901(1901-1945)

Philippine Revolution of 1896 started the downfall of Spanish regime

in the Philippines until Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in 1898. After three years of military rule, the Americans established a civil government.

The turn of the century brought in the Philippines a turn in history. (ending of the 330 years of Spanish rule in 1898 and beginning of the 5 decades of American rule)

New culture : English language was introduced and was propagated through the newly established public school system; focus on education, public health, free enterprise, and preparation for selfgovernment (construction of highways, bridges, ports, markets, schools, hospitals and government office buildings).

AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1901(1901-1945)

WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT first American civil governor WILLIAM CAMERON FORBES commissioner DANIEL BURNHAM American architect and city planner; prepared the plans for the development of Baguio and Manila WILLIAM PARSONS consulting architect of the Bureau of Public Works; implemented the Burnham plan

ARCHITECTURAL FORMS

1. RESIDENCES

- emergence of upper-class houses following the general form of the bahay na bato

-TSALET two-storey house

ARCHITECTURAL FORMS
2. GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS
- classified according to level: national, provincial, and city or municipal (to prepare the Filipino people for democratic self-government) NATIONAL - offices serving the legislative, executive and judicial branches PROVINCIAL capital (kapitolyo), governors office, provincial boards office, the courts and other offices police station, post office and fire station - Manila City Hall, Dept. of Finance Bldg., Leyte Capitol, Legislative Bldg., Post Office Bldg.

3. SCHOOLS
- education was one of the priorities of American Colonial policy in the Philippines - developed public school system, organized teachertraining institutes, private education also flourished as Catholic, Protestant, and non-sectarian institutions from the elementary to university level - Gabaldon schoolhouses: one-storey, slightly elevated above the ground, classrooms on one side of an open gallery, swing-out window shutters with capiz panes - Normal School, DLSU Main Bldg., Mapua, Legarda Elementary School, UST, FEU

4. COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

- referred to buildings serving the needs of private enterprise, and thus included office buildings, stores or shopping complexes, factories and warehouses

- Crystal Arcade, Insular Ice Plant and Cold Storage

5. CLUBHOUSES
- social halls, lounges, dining rooms, gamerooms, and club offices; sometimes with lodging and sports facilities like swimming pools, tennis/pelota courts, bowling alleys, and billiard rooms - Makati Jockey Club, Army-Navy Club, Rizal Memorial Sports Complex

6. HOTELS

- major developments in design, construction, and technology (structural design, prefabrication, airconditioning, and fire protection)

- Luneta Hotel, Manila Hotel

7. THEATERS AND CINEMAS

- in the art deco style and were considered a novelty for the use of indirect lighting

-had an orchestra, loge and balcony; display boards on walls

- Metropolitan Theater, Avenue Theater and Hotel

8. HOSPITALS
- to improve and expand health service

- PGH, Quezon Institute Bldgs.

9. CHURCHES

- Spanish Colonial churches continued to serve the needs of the predominantly Catholic population

- American built churches came after two decades when old churches needed to be repaired or rebuilt or reconstructed - Paco Church, San Miguel Church

DOMINANT ART STYLES :

NEO-RENAISSANCE - PGH, Legislative Bldg. NEOCLASSICISM

- Post Office Bldg., Insular Ice Plant and Cold Storage

ART DECO

- Metropolitan Theater, UST, Central Seminary, Rizal Memorial Sports Complex, Manila Jockey Club

FRENCH RENAISSANCE - Uy-Chaco Bldg., Legarda Elementary School

FILIPINO ARCHITECTS:
ARCADIO ARELLANO ANTONIO TOLEDO - consulting architect under Tafts governorship - studied at Ohio State and Cornell University, joined the Bureau of Public Works in 1911, and joined Parsons in the design of several buildings - Leyte Capitol, Manila City Hall TOMAS MAPUA - graduate of Cornell University in 1911 - PGH Nurses Home, DLSU Main Bldg., Mapua

 JUAN ARELLANO

- trained in the United States; worked with his brother, Arcadio; later joined the Bureau of Public Works - Legislative Bldg., Post Office Bldg., Metropolitan Theater - used and adapted regional features and local motifs in his works

ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO - trained in Paris; adapted the French Renaissance style o the tropics - Crystal Arcade FERNANDO OCAMPO, SR. - one of the pioneers of modern architecture - UST Central Seminary

 JUAN NAKPIL States;

- studied in the United visited the Art Deco Exposition in Paris, and became one of the local exponents of the style Quezon Institute Bldgs., Makati Jockey Club

PABLO ANTONIO

- trained in England - FEU

ROQUE RUAO

- Spanish Dominican priest - UST Main Bldg.

END OF WORLD WAR II

Towards the end of World War II, Manila was destroyed, ironically, by American liberation forces, where all stately neoclassic buildings were heavily damaged.

Intramuros was reduced to ruins except for San Agustin Church

Recostruction followed following the original plans

CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1946(1946-PRESENT)

Second Phase in the development of modern architecture in the Philippines

Building boom followed after World War II and the recognition of Philippine Independence in 1946

New generation of American-trained Filipino architects introduced a new idiom influenced by the INTERNATIONAL STYLE

CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1946(1946-PRESENT)

BRISE-SOLEIL or SUN-BREAK invention attributed to French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier; a characteristic feature of the International Style (UST Engineering and Architecture Bldg., built in 1950) PIERCED SCREEN a different form of protection from the sun; popular in the 1960s (US Embassy) REINFORCED CONCRETE enabled architects to add visually exciting features such as cantilevered canopies and balconies

 CONTEMPORARY ROMANTICISM was asserted in contemporary Filipino architecture, where a building is not only space enclosed by structure; it is also a piece of sculpture. This style appears in the postmodern period with varying degrees of success. SLICK TECH style between modern and postmodern, represented by glass-sheathed buildings

FILIPINO ARCHITECTS: ARCHITECTS:

JULIO VICTOR ROCHA CARLOS ARGUELLES ANGEL NAKPIL PABLO ANTONIO LEANDRO LOCSIN GABRIEL FORMOSO MAOSA BROTHERS ROGELIO VILLAROSA - UST Engineering and Architecture Bldg. - Philamlife Bldg. - National Press Club Bldg., Lopez Museum - Manila Polo Club - UP Church of the Holy Sacrifice, CCP - Pacific Star Bldg. - San Miguel Bldg. - Kings Court

HISTORY OF CENTURY: RESIDENTIAL -

ARCHITECTURE IN

THE 20th

developments of the bahay na bato introduction of reinforced concrete and increased familiarity with western architectural style expanded the range of house design after WW II, sprawling one-storey house with a terrace or lanai became a dominant form, followed by variations of the bungalow low-income earners lived in accessoria or row-houses, duplexes, tenement houses, BLISS houses and prefabricated housing units shanties represented the architecture of poverty decreasing sizes of lots in exclusive subdivisions made two-storey houses necessary development of apartments and high-rise condominiums due to the increasing cost of maintaining large houses with lawns and gardens

RELIGIOUS
Catholic and Protestant churches built in the early part of the 20th century signify fidelity to tradition. (San Beda Chapel) In the middle of the century, traditional styles were reconciled with modern trends. (Baclaran Church, Sto. Domingo Church, Iglesia ni Kristo) Some churches, however, express a very modern temper. (Church of the Risen Lord circular form; Protestant Chapel saddle-like structure) Late 20th century popularized the breaking away from traditional styles, and has been characterized by freedom in design manifesting renewed vigor of religion and a creativity inspired by faith. (St. Andrews Church) American Colonial and Contemporary traditions in architecture enjoy the most extensive variety in form and in style. 20th century has been a time for looking intently towards the west, but it has also became a time for looking more intently within and recovering the native legacy.