Polynomials and Polynomial Functions

CHAPTER

4.1 Introduction to Polynomials and Polynomial Functions 4.2 Multiplication of Polynomials 4.3 Introduction to Factoring 4.4 Factoring Trinomials: x2 + bx + c 4.5 Factoring Trinomials: ax2 + bx + c, a 4.6 Special Factoring 4.7 Factoring: A General Strategy 4.8 Applications of Polynomial Equations and Functions
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4.6

Special Factoring OBJECTIVES

a Factor trinomial squares. b Factor differences of squares. c Factor certain polynomials with four terms by grouping and possibly using the factoring of a trinomial square or the difference of squares. d Factor sums and differences of cubes.

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4.6

Special Factoring

How to recognize a trinomial square: a) The two expressions A2 and B2 must be squares. b) There must be no minus sign before either A2 or B2. c) Multiplying A and B (expressions whose squares are A2 and B2) and doubling the result, 2 AB, gives either the remaining term or its opposite, 2AB.

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4.6
EXAMPLE

Special Factoring

a Factor trinomial squares. Determine whether the polynomial is a trinomial square.

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4.6
EXAMPLE

Special Factoring

a Factor trinomial squares. Solution

a) Two terms are squares: x2 and 25. b) There is no minus sign before either x2 or 25. c) If we multiply the expressions whose squares are x2 and 25, x and 5, and double the product, we get 10x, the remaining term. Thus this is a trinomial square.
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4.6
EXAMPLE

Special Factoring

a Factor trinomial squares. Solution

a) Only one term, 16, is a square ( 3x2 is not a square because 3 is not a perfect square and 4x is not a square because is not a square). Thus this is not a trinomial square.

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4.6
EXAMPLE

Special Factoring

a Factor trinomial squares. Solution

(It can help to first write this in descending order: 100y2 180y + 81.) a) Two of the terms, 100y2 and 81, are squares. b) There is no minus sign before either 100y2 or 81.

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4.6
EXAMPLE

Special Factoring

a Factor trinomial squares. Solution

c) If we multiply the expressions whose squares are and 81, 10y and 9, and double the product, we get the opposite of the remaining term: 2(10y)(9) = 180y which is the opposite of 180y. Thus this is a trinomial square.

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4.6

Special Factoring

Trinomial Squares

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4.6
EXAMPLE 4

Special Factoring

a Factor trinomial squares. Factor.

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4.6
EXAMPLE 6

Special Factoring

a Factor trinomial squares. Factor.

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4.6
EXAMPLE 6

Special Factoring

a Factor trinomial squares. Solution

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4.6
EXAMPLE 8

Special Factoring

a Factor trinomial squares. Factor.

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4.6
EXAMPLE 8

Special Factoring

a Factor trinomial squares. Solution

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4.6

Special Factoring

Factoring a Difference of Squares

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4.6
EXAMPLE

Special Factoring

b Factor differences of squares. Factor.

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4.6
EXAMPLE

Special Factoring

b Factor differences of squares. Solution

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4.6
EXAMPLE

Special Factoring

b Factor differences of squares. Solution

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4.6

Special Factoring

b Factor differences of squares. EXAMPLE 14 Factor.

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4.6

Special Factoring

b Factor differences of squares. EXAMPLE 14 Solution

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4.6

Special Factoring

Factor certain polynomials with four terms by grouping c and using the difference of squares. EXAMPLE 15 Factor.

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4.6

Special Factoring

Factor certain polynomials with four terms by grouping c and using the difference of squares. EXAMPLE 15 Solution

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4.6

Special Factoring

Factor certain polynomials with four terms by grouping c and using the factoring of a trinomial square. EXAMPLE 16 Factor.

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4.6

Special Factoring

Factor certain polynomials with four terms by grouping c and using the factoring of a trinomial square. EXAMPLE 16 Solution

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4.6

Special Factoring

Sum or Difference of Cubes

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4.6

Special Factoring

d Factor sums and differences of cubes. EXAMPLE 17 Factor.

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4.6

Special Factoring

d Factor sums and differences of cubes. EXAMPLE 17 Solution

In one set of parentheses, write the cube root of the first term, x. Then write the cube root of the second term, 3. This gives the expression x 3:

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4.6

Special Factoring

d Factor sums and differences of cubes. EXAMPLE 17 Solution

Note that we cannot factor x2 + 3x + 9. It is not a trinomial square nor can it be factored by trial and error. Check this on your own.
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4.6

Special Factoring

d Factor sums and differences of cubes. EXAMPLE 18 Factor.

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4.6

Special Factoring

d Factor sums and differences of cubes. EXAMPLE 18 Solution

In one set of parentheses, write the cube root of the first term, 5x. Then write a plus sign, and then the cube root of the second term, y. This gives us the expression 5x + y:

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4.6

Special Factoring

d Factor sums and differences of cubes. EXAMPLE 18 Solution

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4.6

Special Factoring

d Factor sums and differences of cubes. EXAMPLE 21 Factor.

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4.6

Special Factoring

d Factor sums and differences of cubes. EXAMPLE 21 Solution

Each factor is a sum or a difference of cubes. Factor each:

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4.6

Special Factoring

Factoring Summary

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