Plagiarism Chamber Dictionary defines: Plagiarism as ---------- Theft

Plagiarist as ----------- Thief

Degrees of Plagiarism 1.Paraphrasing [rather than copying actual words] 2. Copying only the portion 3. Copying the whole assignment 4. Copying from single source 5. Copying from unpublished source 6. Same material/assignment of two different students 7. Purchasing it from web or other source .

When to give the reference? reference?



If some thing which is not very well known [non common knowledge]. When financial or statistical facts and figures are cited.

Examples: No need to give the reference to the following: 1. A war between Pak-India During 1971.. Pak2. Pakistan became independent on 14 th August 1947.

How to know that the work is not original?



Electronics detection [software]

[What ever clever web-pages or purchase schemes may webbe, a software can detect it].

Your teacher might recognize that the work is not your own.

What if the research work is plagiarized? Penalties (from little to high plagiarism):


Zero marks assigned for entire course. All courses are set at zero. Student may be rusticated.

Then what to do? Citations Or Acknowledging the Source

Citation
Quote from or paraphrase work written by an other author. Make a list of references that make it possible to identify the source. source.

Why Citation?
To identify the original source to know that: that:
a. b.

Who is responsible for the work quoted? What is the author, title, place, and time of publication work? To enable you to quickly locate the info cited. To enable your supervisor to check the authenticity of the information quoted. To prevent plagiarism.

c. d.

e.

Reference Details of the citations are given at the end of document/paper. document/paper. Bibliography Listing and details of all citations and all the documents reviewed for your study are given at the end of document, whether you have quoted them or not i.e. unquoted them.

Foot Note Ref. Ref./Citation/Notes used to further explain outside the main text [given at the bottom of a page] page]. End Note References/Citations/Notes used to further explain outside the main text [at the end of the chapter/paper].

Ibid and Op Cite Ibid Latin word which stands for "ibidem", ibidem", means same as above. Op Cite


A Latin word which stands for "opus citatum or "opere citato", means as quoted above.

Examples: for Ibid and OP Cite

1. Henley and Bates (2007) Commercialization of

SOEs. London: OUP. 2. Ibid., p.3. 3. Lines, T. (2006) Potential of Foreign Investment in Kenya. London: OUP. 4. Henley, OP Cite, p.5. Cite,

Avoiding Plagiarism
In order to avoid plagiarism, it is better to refer various documents but to write them in your own writing. writing. Change the sequence of topics and bring about major changes with creative touch. There are softwares touch. (like www.gorewrite.com) that change the words of a www.gorewrite. study with synonymous and bring visible changes but various softwares easily detect that work. Higher work. Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan possesses a software that has 16 layers to detect plagiarism. plagiarism. The solution lies in the tip that whenever you finish each chapter of your research study, you check it for plagiarism on the free softwares, such as: softwares, as: www.duplichecker.com. www.duplichecker.com. Simply copy and paste each paragraph of your work inside the given web and assess the similarity index, so that you can make index, reasonable amendments when necessary. necessary.

Types of Citations (inside text)

1.

Numerical Citations
(reference number, eg. 1, 2 in superscript or bracket style with explanation in the foot note or end note)

2. Non numerical Citations

(regular style)

Reference Styles 1. Harvard Referencing Style 2. APA 3. MLA 4. Chicago 5.Turabian 6. ASA 7. CBE 8. IEEE

Various Citation Style Manuals

1. Harvard Referencing System [Used for all scholarly works] 2. APA American Psychological Association [Used in Psychology, Education, and other Social Sciences] 3. MLA Modern Language Association [Used in literature, Arts, and Humanities]

4. Chicago Style Chicago Manual of Style [Used with all subjects] 5.Turabian Style based on Chicago Style [Designed for college students to use with all subjects] 6. ASA American Sociological Association [Used in all social Sciences Subjects] 7. CBE - Council of Biology Editors [Used in all Medical Science Researches]
8. IEEE [Used for Computers and Engineering fields]

Which one style to use?

Ask your Supervisor which style he/she wants you to use. If there is no preference, you use. can use any of the style described. described. It is better to use one style through out a study. study.

Details of the Citations Styles

APA,
Author, Author,

Chicago,
Date, Date,

Turabian, Turabian,
Title of

and

ASA
of

Article/Title

Periodical/Book, Page, Place, Publisher. Periodical/Book, Page, Place, Publisher.

Harvard Author(s) (Date) Title of Book, Edn., or Edn. Title of Article/Title of Periodical, Volume, Volume, Place of Publication, Publisher, and Page. Publication, Page.
Note: Note: In author (s) name, surname comes 1st, then the first and second names come. come.

MLA
Author, Author, Title of Article/Title of Periodical, Periodical, Publisher , Date, Page. Date, Page. Place, Place,

IEEE Format
Same as MLA only diff. of number in the diff. ref./bib. ref./bib. at the end of the paper. paper. Author, Author, Title of Article/Title of Periodical, Periodical, Place, Place, Publisher , Date, Page. (Note: In these Date, Page. (Note: styles, remember the format, as in the above two lines, which titles are Italicized, or which Italicized, have inverted commas , and where comes punctuation marks [(),.:]) [(),.:]) [1] Bates, Beyond the Miracles, Miracles, SZABIST Karachi, 1997. 1997. Karachi,

Citation Details How to quote different sources? Harvard Ref. Style (2007), available at: www..szabist..edu..pk, Ref. 2007), at: www szabist edu
Retrieved on Sep. 14, 2011. Sep. 14, 2011.

Book Author(s) (Year) Title of Book. Edn. Place Book. Edn. of Publication: Publisher. Publication: Publisher. Book with one Author Henley, J. evanescent. evanescent. Publications. Publications. (1987) Converging on the 1987) San-Francisco: San-Francisco: Threshold

Citing a Book Article or Chapter James, N. E. (1988) Two sides of paradise, in D. Palumbo (Ed.) Spectrum of the fantastic. fantastic. Westport: OUP, pp. 219-223. 219Book with More than Two Authors Jagezai A., et al. (1976) Introduction to Political al. 1976) Science. Science. 3rd ed. Tokyo: Macgraw, Hill Koga, ed. Tokyo: Macgraw, Ltd. Ltd. Note: Note: et al. is an Italian Phrase derived from et al. alia , means and others. others.

Books with both Author and Editor

Hanley, J. (1999) Beyond the Privatization, in ed., 1999) ed. Doberstein, Doberstein, J.W., Commercialization of the SOEs, SOEs, New York: OUP. York: OUP.

Book with Company/Org. as an Author Company/Org.

American Psychological Association (2001). 2001) Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . Washington DC: OUP. DC: OUP.

Multivolume Book
Koch, S. (Ed.) (1959-1963) Psychology: A (Ed.) (1959-1963) study of science (Vols. 1-6). New 1York: McGraw-Hill. McGraw-Hill.
Government Department as an Author

Department of Health (1997) The new NHS: modern, dependable. London: dependable. The Stationary Office.
Note: Many guides recommend that before writing the name of a dept., mention the name of the country to distinguish it from the others.

Journal Author(s) Author(s) (Year) Title of Article , Title of Journal, Volume, Pages, Place of Publication, Publisher. Khan, H. (2007) Senior Citizens in Pakistan: 2007) Pakistan: A Case Study of Karachi , Journal of Independent Studies and Research, (Bi(BiAnnual), 2(5), Karachi, SZABIST-Karachi. SZABIST-Karachi. Note: Note: 2(5) means Vol. 2, No. 5. Vol. No. Editor as an Author of a Paper Lawrence, H. S. (1964) in ed., New Horizons 1964) ed. of Economic Progress, London: Oxford London: University Press. Press.

Website Lynch, T. (1996) Pakistan s Foreign Policy. Retrieved October 8, 1997, from Web site: 1997, http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi /DS9/ep/503r.html (Accessed/Retrieved 10 July 1996) Newspaper Article Farooqui, Farooqui, J. (2003) Sugar Economy s 2003) Complexities , Daily Dawn Karachi, EBR Karachi, section, Jan 27 Feb 2, p. 1.

State/Organization as an Author Government of Pakistan (2003) Economic 2003) Survey of Pakistan 2002-3, Islamabad. 2002- Islamabad. State Bank of Pakistan (2002) Annual Report 2002) 2001- Karachi. 2001-2, Karachi.
Reports of Govt., Govt. Dept., or Other Orgs. Govt. Govt. Dept. Orgs.

Department of Health and Social Security (1980) Inequalities in Health: report of a 1980) Health: working group. (Chairman: Sir Douglas Black) group. (Chairman: London: HMSO. London: HMSO.

Citing from an Abstract Misumi, Misumi, J., & Fumita, M. (1982) Effects of PM Fumita, 1982) organizational development in supermarket , Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 21, 93-111. 93-111. [Abstract] Psychological Abstracts, 1982, 68, Abstract 1982, 68, No. 11474. No. 11474. Citing from a Thesis Shaikh, Shaikh, H. (2000). Coping Strategies of 2000) Counseling Professionals. Master s Thesis. Professionals. Thesis. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Singapore.

If no Author given (Anonymous Author): Cite in the text the first one or two words of the article title.

Reference Example: Example: Full Title: California Cigarette Tax Deters Title: Smokers Inside Text Citation: ( California , 1999) Citation: 1999)

News Paper without Author

Daily Dawn, Karachi (Feb 17, 2003) Export 17, 2003) Through Karachi Customs up by 19 pc , Staff Reporter. Reporter. Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Americana, 1999, ed., v.11. 1999, ed. 11.

Documents
U.S Department of State (Jan 2003) 2003) Declaration of the U.N Conference on Food and Agriculture, War Document Series, no. 2162. no. 2162. Interview John, N. (12 May, 2002) CEO Primus Co. 2002) Co. San Jose, California. California.

Radio and TV Program

BBC Hard Talk , 28 October 2002, 2002, narrator xyz. xyz. Personal Communication
Lutes, T.K., Personal September 19, 2001. 19, 2001. Communication,

Videotape National Institute on Mental Health. Health. (1980). Drug 1980) abuse [videotape]. [videotape]. Bethesda: Author. Bethesda: Author. Cassette/CD Lake, F. L. (Author and speaker). speaker). (1989). Bias and organizational 1989) decision making [Cassette/CD]. [Cassette/CD]. Gainesville: Edwards. Gainesville: Edwards.

Web Page Green, C. (2000). History & philosophy of psychology web resources. Retrieved May 22, 2001, from ttp://www.yorku.ca/dept.htm

In source, if the date is unknown: unknown:

1.

If the date is unknown, make a guess and indicate (ca 2007). If impossible to guess the date then indicate (no date).

2.

Sample Reference List

Calvillo, Calvillo, D. (1999) The theoretical development of aggression. (1999) aggression. Retrieved on August 21, 2002 from: 21, http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html

Flory, R. K. (1969a) Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter1969a interfood interval. , Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. interval. Behavior.

12, 825-828. 12, 825-828.

Flory, R. K. (1969b) Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule 1969b) fixedof reinforcement , Psychonomic Science, 16, 16, 383-386. 383-386.
Conti.

Continued

Flory, R. K. & Everist, H.D. (1977) The effect of a response Everist, 1977) requirement on schedule-induced aggression , Bulletin scheduleof the Psychonomic Society 9, 383-386. 383-386.

Gentry,

W.

D.

(1968) 1968)

Fixed-ratio Fixed-

schedule-induced schedule-

aggression , Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11, 813-817. 11, 813-817.

Citation in the Text

One Author Citation Example: Text sentence and citation (Kosik, (Kosik, 1999, p. 127)  Two Authors Citation Example: (Kosik & Martin, 1999, p. 127) (Kosik  Three or More Authors Citation Example (Wilson et al., 2000) 2000)



Or: According to World Bank (2000); As agreed by/pointed by Thomas (2011); Bevan (2004); Mac Von (2003) that the causes of TB are

Quoting same author, with several works published in diff. years (chronological order, separated by comma) Example: (Burke, 1998, 1999, in press)
Quoting same author, with several works published in the same year

Example: (Burke, 1988a, 1988b, 1988c)

Quoting same work of more than one author with the same last name

Example: (James, H. 1878; James, W. 1880)

If the source has no known Author: Then use an abbreviated version of the title: Reference Example: Full Title: California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers Inside Text Citation: ( California , 1999) Citation:

Example of Short Quotations

Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena (p. 11). . A traumatic response frequently entails a delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena (Caruth, 1996, p. 11).

Long Quotations
  

When there are 40 or more words; are in block form; then indent 5-7 spaces and omit the quotation marks.

Example of Long Quotations

Meile (1993) found the following: The placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect (p. 276).

Secondary Reference
In 1947 the World Health Organization proposed the following definition of health. Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity (Potter & Perry, 2001, p. 3). As per the report of WHO on Polio (2002) and cited by Aziz (2005), 2002) 2005),

Shape of the text with Non-numerical Citations Non[Harvard Style] The notion of an indivisible college has been explored in the sciences (Crow, 1980). It s 1980) absence amongst historians is noted by Sticks (1981b). As Barton (1985) points out that 1981b). 1985) they have no assistant or are reluctant to delegate (Smith, 1988, Chump 1999). 1988, 1999)

Shape of the text with Numerical Citations The notion of an indivisible college has been explored in the sciences1. It s absence amongst historians is noted by Sticks2. As Barton points out that they have no assistant 3. or are reluctant to delegate

References [Numerical Citation]

1. R. Millan, "Art of Latin grammar" (Academic, New Millan, York, 1997), p. 23. 2. Ibid, 1 3. G. Wiki "Blah and its uses" (Blah Ltd., Old York, G. 2000), p.17. 4. R. Millan, Op cite Millan,

IEEE Citation Style

References should be numbered sequentially by order of mention in the text, with the number placed in brackets and printed on the same line (not as a superscript) like [1]. The list of all references cited in the text should appear in numeric order at the end of the paper[2]. Don't use footnotes [1]. paper[ Samples of IEEE Reference Style Books [1] E. R. Tufte, Visual Explanations: Images and Tufte, Explanations: Quantities, Evidence and Narrative. Cheshire, CT: Narrative. CT: Graphics Press, 1996. 1996. [2] J. H. Watt and S. A. van den Berg, Research Methods for Communication Science. Boston, MA: Science. MA: Allyn. Allyn.

Reference List Example:

Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors Kumpfer, K. L. (2002). Prevention Kumpfer, K. L., Alvarado, R., Smith, P., Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Preventions

Footnotes/Endnotes:
STOCK MARKET EFFICIENCY
One issue that attracts the attention of researchers as well as policy makers is whether the emerging stock markets exhibit similar general characteristics, regarding the distribution behavior of stock returns, as developed stock markets. Specifically, the characteristics of interest are those predicted by markets. Fama (1970) in the Efficiency Market Hypothesis (EMH)*. It is argued that the 1970) (EMH)* best forecast of returns is its historical mean; and deviations of the mean; expected rate of return from the required rate of return are equal to zero (Fama, 1991). Fama, 1991) Contrary to EMH predictions, empirical results mainly based on developed stock markets indicate that stock returns are predictable, non-normally nondistributed, while .. (the argument continues). .. continues).

----------------------------------------------------------* Market efficiency is defined at three levels, weak-form efficiency, weakefficiency and strong-form efficiency. strongefficiency.

semi-strong semi-

Notes:  Prepare reference list alphabetically by author name (a to z) and do not give reference numbers unless the citation uses numerical order inside the text. text.  After typing the 1st line of a reference, indent the second and following lines 5 to 7 spaces or one half inch.  Mention the source of all the tables, graphs, or models, etc. Also give numbers to tables, etc.  If you are using a typewriter that cannot produce italics, then use underlining instead. italics,  P stands for page number and pp is its plural.

Thank You