What is the writing process?

1. way of looking at writing instruction in which emphasis is shifted from students finished products to what students thinks and do as they write 2. Writing is a revision process in which writers develop their ideas, not publish their writing.
- Nancy Sommers 1980 -1982

James Britton and colleagues (1970)

Writing process differs according to the type of writing a. concept -> choose topics and decide what to write b. incubation -> development of topic by information gathering c. production -> write, revise and edit

Donald Graves (1975)

Seven year olds, like high school students, use a variety of strategies as they wrote a. pre-writing: choose topics and gather ideas b. composing: write the composition c. post-writing: share writing

Linda Flower and John Hayes (1977, 1981, 1986)

Writing is recursive. analyzed college students talk to examine the strategies writers use and developed a model that describes writing as a complex problem solving process.

Linda Flower and John Hayes (1977, 1981, 1986

a. planning: set goals to guide writing b. translating: put plans into writing c. reviewing: evaluate and revise d. monitoring: jump back and forth from one process to another as they write

Conclusion
1. Elementary students can write. Research on first graders writing demonstrates that elementary students, even at primary level, can write and that they use the writing process

Conclusion
2. Elementary students develop a repertoire of writing strategies. According to research finding, less experienced writers have a smaller repertoire of writing strategies and monitor their use of these strategies less effectively than do more experienced writers.

Conclusion
3. Elementary students separate revising

and editing. The three stage versions of the writing process combine revising and editing activities, even though research has shown that when they are grouped together, the emphasis of both teachers and students is on editing, or the error-hunting activity. The two activities should be separated so that either is neglected.

Conclusion
4. Elementary students use problem solving approach. Writing is a form of problem solving in which students experiment with alternative activities as they try to communicate effectively.

1. Prewriting

2. Drafting

FIVE-STAGE WRITING PROCESS

3. Revising

5. Publishing

4. Editing

Considering Purpose Considering the Audience Choosing the Topic

Pre-writing
Considering the Form
Getting ready to write stage

Gathering and organizing ideas

regulatory imaginative instrumental

personal

Seven Language Functions (Michael Halliday)

interactional heuristic

informative

Drafting
Students write and refine their compositions through series of drafts, focusing in getting ideas down on paper.

writing a rough draft

writing leads

When teachers point out mechanical errors during the drafting stage, they send false message to the students that mechanical correctness is more important than content - Sommers
- skip lines - use arrows to move sections - cross-outs to delete sections - copy and paste apart and cut apart or rearrange - label rough draft in ink on top of their papers - modifies purpose, audience and form if there is a need - does not emphasize on correct spelling and neatness

Children may use a variety of techniques to appeal to their audience, such as questions, facts, dialogue, brief stories and problems. Donald Graves (1983) and Lucy Calkins (1986) recommend that students create several leads and try them out on their classmates before choosing one. As students write these leads they gain valuable knowledge about how to manipulate language and how to vary viewpoint or sequence in their writing.