ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN POWER PLANTS

Frans van Aart Energy Efficiency in IPPC installations October 21, Vienna

CONTENT
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Introduction Demand Side Management Energy Efficiency in Power Generation LCP and other directives Conclusions

Introduction

y high efficiency is good for economy and the environment y high efficiency is in line with core business electricity
industry

Annual average electrical efficiency

38 electric effi ciency (%) 37 36 35 34 33 32 1980 1990 2000 jaar 2001 2002

INTRODUCTION

y high efficiency is good for economy and the environment y high efficiency is in line with core business electricity
industry reducing emissions (protection environment) conservation fuels (preservation of resources) reducing dependence on fuel import outside EC

y too high efficiencies are expensive and thus uneconomic: market advantage to less efficient (=cheaper) plants thus not beneficiary for the environment

Energy Efficiency of power plant

y y y y y
scope of definition (gross, net) combustion technology (installation, fuel) type of cooling ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions temperature cooling water / air

Efficiency loss vs. cooling temperature

0.0%

-0.5% Efficiency loss [%] Super critical boiler -1.0% Combined cycle -1.5% Gas turbine topping -2.0%

-2.5% 0 2.5 5 Temperature rise cooling water [K] 7.5 10

Energy Efficiency of power plant

y y y y y y y
scope of definition (gross, net) combustion technology (installation, fuel) type of cooling ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions temperature cooling water / air operating load annual average vs. guaranteed performance

y no fixed figures that can be compared right away

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

y reducing energy demand good principle y not the task of power industry, but of spatial planners,
architects etcetera

y not in scope BREF Energy Efficiency but in scope Directive

Energy end-use efficiency and energy services

y framework conditions and not an over-detailed set of rules

that could interfere with the development of the electricity market

3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION

y Efficiency figure depends on type of generation

Efficiency (%)
Pu lve ris ed
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

La H yd rg co ro e al ga po bo Me s w lte fir Tid er ile al d ed rs ca po pla w C At nt rb ith m on CG wer os ul T at tra ph po pla nt -c es f er rit ic ue wer ic C lc pl irc So al s an el ul l te t lid at am (MC Pr in ox es g F id pa F su e ra C) fu ris luid m el is ed ed ce ete Fl r ll Be ui C (S s di O se d C oal FC f o d ) Be mb ired us La d IG Co tio St r C C ea ge n ga mbu (C m FB s st tu tu rb C rb ion St i in (P ) ea ne e co m (M FBC a tu W ) rb l-fir ra ed in ng e p fu D el owe e) ie -o r se il po plan le we ng t in e W r pla N as in uc nt d de le W tu ar ce as po rbin nt te Bio e m we -to Sm rali as -e se rp s al le d la a la ct nt ric nd nd CH P bi ity m u ic po oga ro nit ( s w el er tu ec rb pl t in es rica ant ls (u ha p to r Ph 10 e) G ot 0 eo ov kW th ol er ) ta m ic al po cel So we ls la rp rp ow lan t er to w er

Efficiency in Electricity Generation

3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION

y Efficiency figure depends on type of generation condition of power plant (operation, maintenance) ambient conditions design of power plant y ultra super critical steam boilers

Improved boiler materials improved steam parameters

3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION

y Efficiency figure depends on type of generation condition of power plant (operation, maintenance) ambient conditions design of power plant y ultra super critical steam boilers y gas turbine based power plant higher firing temperature supercritical steam parameters HRSG

BAT and BAT levels (coal / lignite)

Fuel Coal Technique PC (DBB and WBB) FBC Lignite PC (DBB) FBC Electrical efficiency (net) (%) New plants 43 47 >41 39 45 >40 Existing plants The achievable improvement of thermal efficiency depends on the specific plant, but as an indication, a level of 30 40 % or an incremental improvement of more than 3 % points can be seen as associated with the use of BAT

BAT and BAT levels (biomass / peat)

Fuel Technique Electrical efficiency (net) (%) Around 20 >23 >28 30 >28 30

Biomass

Grate-firing Spreader-stoker FBC (CFBC)

Peat

FBC (BFBC and CFBC)

BAT and BAT levels (gaseous fuels)

Plant type Gas turbine Gas turbine Gas-fired boiler Gas-fired boiler CCGT Combined cycle with or without supplementary firing (HRSG) for electricity generation only 54 58 40 54 40 42 35 40 36 40 25 40 Electrical efficiency (%) New plants Existing plants

LCP AND OTHER DIRECTIVES

y Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration powerful instrument to improve fuel utilisation

Fuel utilisation instead of efficiency

y thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency are apples and
oranges

y cogeneration efficiency

fuel utilisation

BAT and BAT levels (Cogeneration)

Plant type Coal Lignite Biomass Peat Gas-fired boiler Combined cycle with or without supplementary firing 75 85 Depending on the specific plant application and the heat and electricity demand Fuel utilisation(%) New and existing plants

LCP and other directives

y Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration powerful instrument to improve fuel utilisation fuel utilisation dependent on long term heat
demand (district heating or process heat)

in case heat delivery feasible:

cogeneration can be considered as BAT

LCP and other directives

y Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration y Directive 2003/87/EC

Greenhouse gas emission allowance trading

Emission Trading Directive

y Market mechanism will result in lower emissions higher efficiency y No definition of BAT or BAT levels for energy efficiency
of LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency (Article 26)

Article 26 Emission Trading Directive

the permit shall not include an emission limit value for direct emissions of that gas unless,... Member States may choose not to impose requirements relating to energy efficiency in respect of combustion units or other units emitting carbon dioxide on the site.

OPTIONS FOR EXTRA REGULATIONS

Goal should be: public demonstration that optimal efficiency is applied Practical options:

y Drafting Energy Plans to optimize economically feasible

options

y Benchmarking against "World Class Plants"

6 CONCLUSIONS
y The efficiency of Power Plants has been improved and will be
improved continuously

y To be demonstrated by: Energy plans Benchmarking y No BAT or BAT levels for LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency
(not in line with a liberalized market)

y Framework conditions and not an over-detailed set of rules

real assistance licensing authorities for permitting an installation