POWERPOINT LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION

by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin

UNIT 1

6
PART A

Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN FOURTH EDITION

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About this Chapter

 Cell-to-cell communication  Signal pathways  Novel signal molecules  Modulation of signal pathways  Control pathways
 Response loops  Feedback loops

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Cell-to-Cell Communication: Overview

 Physiological signals
 Electrical signals  Changes in cells membrane potential  Chemical signals  Secreted by cells into ECF  Responsible for most communication within the body

 Target cells, or targets, receive signals  Four basic methods of communication

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Cell-to-Cell Communication: Methods

Direct contact and local cell-to-cell communication Gap junctions transfer both chemical and electrical signals

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Figure 6-1a

Cell-to-Cell Communication: Methods

Direct contact and local cell-to-cell communication CAMs transfer signals in both directions

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Figure 6-1b

Cell-to-Cell Communication: Methods

Paracrine and autocrine are chemical signals

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Figure 6-1c

Cell-to-Cell Communication: Methods

Long distance cell-to-cell communication

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Figure 6-2a

Cell-to-Cell Communication: Methods

Neurotransmitters have a rapid effect

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Figure 6-2b

Cell-to-Cell Communication: Methods

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Figure 6-2c

Signal Pathways: Overview

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Figure 6-3

Signal Pathways: Receptor locations

Target cell receptors

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Figure 6-4 (1 of 2)

Signal Pathways: Receptor locations

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Figure 6-4 (2 of 2)

Signal Pathways: Membrane Receptors

Four categories of membrane receptors

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Figure 6-5

Signal Pathways: Signal Amplification

Transducers convert extracellular signals into intracellular messages which create a response

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Figure 6-7

Signal Pathway: Biological Signal Transduction

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Figure 6-8

Signal Pathway: Signal Transduction

Steps of a cascade Steps of signal transduction pathway form a cascade

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Figure 6-9

Signal Pathway: Receptor Enzymes

Tyrosine kinase, an example of receptor-enzyme

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Figure 6-10

Signal Pathway: GPCR

 Membrane-spanning proteins  Cytoplasmic tail linked to G protein, a three-part transducer molecule  When G proteins are activated, they
 Open ion channels in the membrane  Alter enzyme activity on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane

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GPCR: Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP

The G proteincoupled adenylyl cyclasecAMP system
G proteincoupled receptor 1 One signal molecule Adenylyl cyclase ATP 3 3 Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP. cAMP 4 Protein kinase A 5 Phosphorylated protein 4 cAMP activates protein kinase A. 5 Protein kinase A phosphorylates other proteins, leading ultimately to a cellular response. 1 Signal molecule binds to G protein-linked receptor, which activates the G protein. 2 G protein turns on adenylyl cyclase, an amplifier enzyme.

2 G protein

Cell response

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Figure 6-11

GPCR: Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP

G proteincoupled receptor 1 One signal molecule 1 Signal molecule binds to G protein-linked receptor, which activates the G protein.

G protein

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Figure 6-11, step 1

GPCR: Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP

G proteincoupled receptor 1 One signal molecule Adenylyl cyclase 1 Signal molecule binds to G protein-linked receptor, which activates the G protein. 2 G protein turns on adenylyl cyclase, an amplifier enzyme.

2 G protein

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Figure 6-11, steps 12

GPCR: Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP

G proteincoupled receptor 1 One signal molecule Adenylyl cyclase ATP 3 3 Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP. cAMP 1 Signal molecule binds to G protein-linked receptor, which activates the G protein. 2 G protein turns on adenylyl cyclase, an amplifier enzyme.

2 G protein

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Figure 6-11, steps 13

GPCR: Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP

G proteincoupled receptor 1 One signal molecule Adenylyl cyclase ATP 3 3 Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP. cAMP 4 Protein kinase A 4 cAMP activates protein kinase A. 1 Signal molecule binds to G protein-linked receptor, which activates the G protein. 2 G protein turns on adenylyl cyclase, an amplifier enzyme.

2 G protein

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Figure 6-11, steps 14

GPCR: Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP

G proteincoupled receptor 1 One signal molecule Adenylyl cyclase ATP 3 3 Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP. cAMP 4 Protein kinase A 5 Phosphorylated protein 4 cAMP activates protein kinase A. 5 Protein kinase A phosphorylates other proteins, leading ultimately to a cellular response. 1 Signal molecule binds to G protein-linked receptor, which activates the G protein. 2 G protein turns on adenylyl cyclase, an amplifier enzyme.

2 G protein

Cell response

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Figure 6-11, steps 15

GPCR: The Phospholipase C System

Signal molecule 1 Membrane phospholipid 2 PL-C 3 DAG Cell membrane 4 PK-C Receptor G protein 5 Ca2+ stores ER Cellular response Ca2+ Phosphorylated protein KEY PL-C DAG PK-C IP3 ER = = = = phospholipase C diacylglycerol protein kinase C inositol trisphosphate = endoplasmic reticulum IP3 Protein + Pi Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid

1 Signal molecule 2 activates receptor and associated G protein.

G protein activates 3 PL-C converts membrane 4 phospholipase C phospholipids into (PL-C), an amplifier diacylglycerol (DAG), which enzyme. remains in the membrane, and IP3, which diffuses into the cytoplasm.

DAG activates protein 5 kinase C (PK-C), which phosphorylates proteins.

IP3 causes release of Ca2+ from organelles, creating a Ca2+ signal.

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Figure 6-12

GPCR: The Phospholipase C System

Signal molecule 1 Cell membrane Extracellular fluid

Receptor

G protein KEY PL-C DAG PK-C IP3 ER

Intracellular fluid

= = = =

phospholipase C diacylglycerol protein kinase C inositol trisphosphate = endoplasmic reticulum

1 Signal molecule activates receptor and associated G protein.

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Figure 6-12, step 1

GPCR: The Phospholipase C System

Signal molecule 1 Cell membrane PL-C Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid

Receptor

G protein KEY PL-C DAG PK-C IP3 ER

= = = =

phospholipase C diacylglycerol protein kinase C inositol trisphosphate = endoplasmic reticulum

1 Signal molecule 2 activates receptor and associated G protein.

G protein activates phospholipase C (PL-C), an amplifier enzyme.

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Figure 6-12, steps 12

GPCR: The Phospholipase C System

Signal molecule 1 Membrane phospholipid 2 PL-C 3 DAG Intracellular fluid Cell membrane Extracellular fluid

Receptor

G protein

IP3 KEY PL-C DAG PK-C IP3 ER

= = = =

phospholipase C diacylglycerol protein kinase C inositol trisphosphate = endoplasmic reticulum

1 Signal molecule 2 activates receptor and associated G protein.

G protein activates 3 PL-C converts membrane phospholipase C phospholipids into (PL-C), an amplifier diacylglycerol (DAG), which enzyme. remains in the membrane, and IP3, which diffuses into the cytoplasm.

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Figure 6-12, steps 13

GPCR: The Phospholipase C System

Signal molecule 1 Membrane phospholipid 2 PL-C 3 DAG Cell membrane 4 PK-C Receptor G protein IP3 Protein + Pi Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid

Phosphorylated protein

KEY PL-C DAG PK-C IP3 ER

= = = =

Cellular response

phospholipase C diacylglycerol protein kinase C inositol trisphosphate = endoplasmic reticulum

1 Signal molecule 2 activates receptor and associated G protein.

G protein activates 3 PL-C converts membrane 4 phospholipase C phospholipids into (PL-C), an amplifier diacylglycerol (DAG), which enzyme. remains in the membrane, and IP3, which diffuses into the cytoplasm.

DAG activates protein kinase C (PK-C), which phosphorylates proteins.

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Figure 6-12, steps 14

GPCR: The Phospholipase C System

Signal molecule 1 Membrane phospholipid 2 PL-C 3 DAG Cell membrane 4 PK-C Receptor G protein 5 Ca2+ stores ER Cellular response Ca2+ Phosphorylated protein KEY PL-C DAG PK-C IP3 ER = = = = phospholipase C diacylglycerol protein kinase C inositol trisphosphate = endoplasmic reticulum IP3 Protein + Pi Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid

1 Signal molecule 2 activates receptor and associated G protein.

G protein activates 3 PL-C converts membrane 4 phospholipase C phospholipids into (PL-C), an amplifier diacylglycerol (DAG), which enzyme. remains in the membrane, and IP3, which diffuses into the cytoplasm.

DAG activates protein 5 kinase C (PK-C), which phosphorylates proteins.

IP3 causes release of Ca2+ from organelles, creating a Ca2+ signal.

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Figure 6-12, steps 15

Signal Pathway: Receptor-Channel

How ions create electrical signals
Ions 1 Ion channel G proteincoupled receptor G protein Extracellular signal molecules

1 Receptor-channels open or close in response to signal molecule binding. 2 Some channels are directly linked to G proteins. 3 Other ligand-gated channels respond to intracellular second messenger.

Change in membrane permeability to Na+, K+, Cl Creates electrical signal

3 Intracellular signal molecules

Voltage-sensitive protein

Cellular response

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Figure 6-13

Signal Pathway: Receptor-Channel

Ions 1 Ion channel Extracellular signal molecules

1 Receptor-channels open or close in response to signal molecule binding.

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Figure 6-13, step 1

Signal Pathway: Receptor-Channel

Ions 1 Ion channel G proteincoupled receptor G protein Extracellular signal molecules

1 Receptor-channels open or close in response to signal molecule binding. 2 Some channels are directly linked to G proteins.

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Figure 6-13, steps 12

Signal Pathway: Receptor-Channel

Ions 1 Ion channel G proteincoupled receptor G protein Extracellular signal molecules

1 Receptor-channels open or close in response to signal molecule binding. 2 Some channels are directly linked to G proteins. 3 Other ligand-gated channels respond to intracellular second messenger.

3 Intracellular signal molecules

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Figure 6-13, steps 13

Signal Pathway: Receptor-Channel

Ions 1 Ion channel G proteincoupled receptor G protein Extracellular signal molecules

1 Receptor-channels open or close in response to signal molecule binding. 2 Some channels are directly linked to G proteins. 3 Other ligand-gated channels respond to intracellular second messenger.

Change in membrane permeability to Na+, K+, Cl Creates electrical signal

3 Intracellular signal molecules

Voltage-sensitive protein

Cellular response

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Figure 6-13

Signal Pathway: Signal Transduction

Summary map of signal transduction systems

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Figure 6-14