ANANTHA.C DEPT.

OF CHEMISTRY

M .E .S. DEGREE COLLEGE MALLESHWARAM. BANGALORE.

WATER
Water is a prime natural resource and a basic essential of all known life forms and a precious national asset. It directly contributes to health and wellness. It contributes to economical, political and industrial development of every country.

Water is essential to life on earth.

USES OF WATER

80 % of total water used 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

70%

22% 8%

Agriculture

Domestic Water uses

Industry

80% of all illness in developing countries is caused by water related diseases. 90% of wastewater in developing countries is discharged directly into rivers and streams without treatment. The UN estimates that by 2025, 75% of the world population won t have reliable, clean water.

SOURCES OF WATER
1. 2.

3.

Rain water Surface water  Impounding reservoirs  Rivers and streams and sea water.  Tanks, ponds and lakes Ground water  Shallow wells and deep wells  Springs

Importance of water to life

Water to drink; we need to stay hydrated to remain alive; we are 55 75% water! Solar energy converted by plants; water is the catalyst that helps plants grow. Water vapor in the atmosphere traps radiation and warms up the Earth. Earth s oceans affect climate and store heat.

Water has a variety of unusual properties because of attractions between these polar molecules.
 The slightly negative regions of one molecule are

attracted to the slightly positive regions of nearby molecules, forming a hydrogen bond.  Each water molecule can form hydrogen bonds with up to four neighbors.

HYDROGEN BONDS Extraordinary Properties

Hold water molecules that are a result of together hydrogen bonds. Cohesive behavior Each water molecule Resists changes in can form a maximum temperature of 4 hydrogen bonds High heat of vaporization Expands when it freezes The hydrogen bonds Versatile solvent joining water molecules are weak, about 1/20th as strong as covalent bonds. They form, break, and reform with great frequency

Water s Properties

Cohesion-ability to stick to itself Adhesion-ability to stickto other surfaces Capillarity High Specific Heat High Heat of Vaporization Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid Solvent Transparent

Importance of Cohesion
Cohesion is responsible for the transport of the water column in plants Cohesion among water molecules plays a key role in the transport of water against gravity in plants Adhesion, clinging of one substance to another, contributes too, as water adheres to the wall of the

Adhesion

Attraction between two different substances. substances. Water will make hydrogen bonds with other surfaces such as glass, soil, plant tissues, and cotton. Capillary action-water molecules will tow actioneach other along when in a thin glass tube. Example: transpiration process which plants and trees remove water from the soil, and paper towels soak up water.

 When water reaches 0oC, water becomes locked

into a crystalline lattice with each molecule bonded to to the maximum of four partners.  As ice starts to melt, some of the hydrogen bonds break and some water molecules can slip closer together than they can while in the ice state.  Ice is about 10% less dense than water at 4oC.

A large body of water can absorb a large amount of heat from the sun in daytime and during the summer, while warming only a few degrees. At night and during the winter, the warm water will warm cooler air. Therefore, ocean temperatures and coastal land areas have more stable temperatures than inland areas. The water that dominates the composition of biological organisms moderates changes in temperature better than if composed of a liquid with a lower specific heat.

The next WORLD WAR will be over WATER

Is There Really A Water Crisis?

Over 1 billion people lack access to safe water 2 out of 3 people will be living with water shortages by 2025 Half of the world's wetlands have been lost since 1900. The basis for most projections for future conflicts is that with the growth of demand, the decline in freshwater availability , and the adverse health effects from poor water quality, scarcity will result in violence and water wars.

YES

The global situation

The global situation

Less than 3% of the world s water is fresh the rest is seawater and undrinkable. Of this 3% over 2.5% is frozen, locked up in Antarctica, the Arctic and glaciers, and not available to man. Thus humanity must rely on this 0.5% for all of man s and ecosystem s fresh water needs.

The Indian situation

Groundwater [Depleted] Surface water [Polluted] Rainfall [Wasted] Population [ ] Demand [ ] Consumption [ ]

SCARCITY
Industrial Growth [ ] Economy-Industry [ ] Water Business[ ] Agriculture [ ] Health & Environment[ ] Future [ ? ]

The Indian situation

Groundwater is the major source of water in our country with 85% of the population dependent. Groundwater water table decline - 33 centimeters per year.

The Indian situation

The Indian Government
Indian government is too focused on economic growth, instead of facilitating in basic human needs. Poor water Management system. Biofuel threatens India water supply. Package Water Industries are encouraged.

Challenges

Challenges
Industries
Over exploitation

Groundwater depletion Pollution Health Issues Land Degraded Groundwater & Surface water polluted Agriculture Spoiled

Challenges
Governnt
Inefficient Government State construction Lack of integrated water management Inadequate enforcement of environment legislation relating to water Insufficient facilities for waste water treatment Insufficient local technological research on water

Challenges
Public
Wasting Water Polluting Water

Challenges
Climate change. 2020 India will become a water stressed nation. 66 million Indians in 20 states are at risk due to excess fluoride 10 million due to excess arsenic in groundwater Out of these 6.3 lakh rural schools only 44 % have water supply facilities Half of all Indian children are undernourished and half of all adult women suffer from anaemia.

Challenges
37.7 million Indians are affected by waterborne diseases annually 1.5 million children are estimated to die of diarrhoea alone 180 million working days are lost due to waterborne disease each year Economic burden is estimated at $600 million a year. 1,95,813 habitations in the country are affected by poor water quality.

Challenges
India s rivers carry 90% of the water during the period from June to November, but only 10% is available during the other six months. Biofuel threatens Indias water supply. 161 of out of approximately 600 districts in India have been declared drought. At least 45% of India's land area is degraded. 90% of the sewage generated by municipal councils and over 50% of sewage discharged by municipal corporations goes untreated

Challenges
Overview of the major problems: Drinking Water Inadequate and intermittent supply of drinking water Metallic and bacterial pollution of water

Inadequate piped water supply in rural areas and some urban slum areas Loss of water in transmission (distribution) and storage Lack of financial resources for improvements.

Challenges
Affect agriculture production Insufficient local technological research on water Lack of integrated water management

Inadequate enforcement of environment legislation relating to water Lack of control over-exploitation of groundwater resources Insufficient facilities for waste water treatment

Challenges
Industrial Water Inadequate enforcement of special water regime for industries requiring considerable amounts of water

Inability of municipal water supply organizations to meet increasing demands of existing and new industries

Challenges
Safety of industrial establishments from surplus surface water and floods

Lack of proper draining facilities

Uncontrolled exploitation of ground water by some industrial establishments

Solution

Progress is Must, But Environment is First.

Solution
Solutions to water problems require the consideration of cultural, educational, communication and scientific aspects. Plant Trees Avoid Pollution Conserve water Technologies and Innovations Water Purification Systems Seawater desalination Water Footprint

Solution

The much-awaited seawater desalination plant, the largest in the country with a capacity of 100 MLD (million litres per day), coming up near Minjur about 35 km north of Chennai . Under the technology, developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), warm water is pumped into a vacuum flash chamber and the resultant vapour is condensed using cold water to get crystal clear potable water. Desalinated water is of a better quality and the cost is only 6 paise per litre.

Solution
Water Footprint
To manage the water consumption better. A water footprint measures the total amount of water it takes for a company to manufacture and transport a product, or for a city, country, or business to operate. Calculating water footprints can help businesses and communities better understand and prepare for the impacts of global water scarcity, according to experts. Such data allows companies to identify potential water savings and plan for future shortages

Solution
Rain Water Harvesting Irrigation Water Management Hydrological projects - Construction of Dams Artificial Recharge to Ground Water through Dug well

Solution
Try to do one thing each day that will result in saving water. Don't worry if the savings are minimal every drop counts! You can make a difference. Remember to use only the amount you actually need. Form a group of water-conscious people and encourage your friends and neighbors to be part of this group. Promote water conservation in community newsletters and on bulletin boards. Encourage your friends, neighbors and co-workers to also contribute. Encourage your family to keep looking for new ways to conserve water in and around your home. Make sure that your home is leak-free. Many homes have leaking pipes that go unnoticed. Do not leave the tap running while you are brushing your teeth or soaping your face.

Solution
Avoid flushing the toilet unnecessarily. Put a brick or any other device that occupies space to cut down on the amount of water needed for each flush. When washing the car, use water from a bucket and not a hosepipe. Do not throw away water that has been used for washing vegetables, rice or dals. Use it to water plants or to clean the floors, etc You can store water in a variety of ways. A simple method is to place a drum on a raised platform directly under the rainwater collection source. You can also collect water in a bucket during the rainy season. Donate fund for ongoing projects.

Solution

sAvE wAtEr SaVe WoRlD

THANKS