AC POWER CALCULATION

Instantaneous, average and reactive power Apparent Power and Power Factor Complex Power
SEE 1023 Circuit Theory Dr. Nik Rumzi Nik Idris

Instantaneous, Average and Reactive Power

i(t) + v(t)  Passive, linear network

Instantaneous power absorbed by the network is, Let v(t) = Vm cos ([t + Uv) and i(t) = Imcos([t + Ui) Which can be written as v(t) = Vm cos ([t + Uv  Ui) and i(t) = Imcos([t)

p =v(t).i(t)

v(t) = Vm cos ([t + Uv  Ui) and i(t) = Imcos([t) p = Vm cos([t + Uv Ui ) . Im cos([t)

Example when Uv  Ui = 45o
45o
2 1 0 -1 -2 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

v i

2 1.5

Instantaneous Power (p)

1 0.5 0 -0.5 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

positive p = power transferred from source to network negative p = power transferred from network to source

v(t) = Vm cos ([t + Uv  Ui) and i(t) = Imcos([t) p = Vm cos([t + Uv Ui ) . Im cos([t) Using trigonometry functions, it can be shown that:

VmIm VmIm VmIm cos( Uv  Ui )  cos(Uv  Ui ) cos 2[t  sin(U v  Ui ) sin 2[t p= 2 2 2
Which can be written as p = P + Pcos(2[t)  Qsin(2[t)

P!

VmIm cos(U v  Ui ) 2

= AVERAGE POWER (watt)

VmIm Q! sin( Uv  Ui ) 2

= REACTIVE POWER (var)

VmIm VmIm VmIm cos( Uv  Ui )  cos(Uv  Ui ) cos 2[t  sin(U v  Ui ) sin 2[t p= 2 2 2

VmIm VmIm VmIm cos( Uv  Ui )  cos(Uv  Ui ) cos 2[t  sin(U v  Ui ) sin 2[t p= 2 2 2
2 1 0 -1 0 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

Example for Uv-Ui = 45o

VmIm VI VI p =m m+cos(Uv  Ui ) Q sin(2[t) m m sin(U v  Ui ) sin 2[t P P cos(2[t) cos 2[t  cos( Uv  Ui )  p= 2 2 2
2 1 0 -1 0 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

P = average power

Q = reactive power

p = P + P cos(2[t)  Q sin(2[t)

P = AVERAGE POWER Useful power also known as ACTIVE POWER Converted to other useful form of energy heat, light, sound, etc Power charged by PLN Q = REACTIVE POWER Power that is being transferred back and forth between load and source Associated with L or C energy storage element no losses Is not charged by PLN Inductive load: Q positive, Capacitive load: Q negative

Power for a resistor Voltage and current are in phase,

( U v  Ui ) ! 0

VmIm VmIm VmIm cos( Uv  Ui )  cos(Uv  Ui ) cos 2[t  sin(U v  Ui ) sin 2[t p= 2 2 2
p=
VmIm V I cos 0  m m cos 0 cos 2[t 2 2
2 1 0 -1 -2 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

p=

VmIm (1  cos 2[t ) 2

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

VmIm P = average power = 2

Q = reactive power = 0
0.06 0.07 0.08

Power for an inductor Voltage leads current by 90o,

(U v  Ui ) ! 90 o

VmIm VmIm VmIm cos( Uv  Ui )  cos(Uv  Ui ) cos 2[t  sin(U v  Ui ) sin 2[t p= 2 2 2
p= 

VmIm sin(90 O ) sin 2[t 2

2 1 0 -1 -2 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

p= 

VmIm sin 2[t 2

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

2 1 0 -1 -2 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

P = average power = 0

VmIm Q = reactive power = 2 0.06 0.07 0.08

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Power for a capacitor Voltage lags current by 90o,

(U v  Ui ) ! 90 o

VmIm VmIm VmIm cos( Uv  Ui )  cos(Uv  Ui ) cos 2[t  sin(U v  Ui ) sin 2[t p= 2 2 2
p =

VmIm sin( 90 O ) sin 2[t 2

2 1 0 -1 -2 0 0.01 0.02 0.03

p=

VmIm sin 2[t 2

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

P = average power = 0

VmIm Q = reactive power =  2 0.06 0.07 0.08

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Apparent Power and Power Factor

Consider v(t) = Vm cos ([t + Uv) and i(t) = Imcos([t + Ui) We have seen,

P!

VmIm cos( U v  Ui ) 2

Vm Im 2 2
=

Vrms Irms

Is known as the APPARENT POWER

S ! Vrms Irms

VA

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Apparent Power and Power Factor

We can now write,

P ! S cos( U v  Ui )
The term cos( U v  Ui ) is known as the POWER FACTOR

POWER FACTOR ! pf !

P ! cos( Uv  Ui ) S

For inductive load, (Uv  Ui) is positive p current lags voltage p lagging pf

S ! Vrms Irms

For capacitive load, (Uv  Ui) is negative p current leads voltage p leading pf
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Apparent Power and Power Factor

POWER FACTOR ! pf !

P ! cos( Uv  Ui ) S

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Apparent Power and Power Factor

POWER FACTOR ! pf ! P ! cos( Uv  Ui ) S

Irms = 5- 40o + Vrms = 25010o +  VL  Power factor of the load = cos (10-(-40)) = cos (50o) = 0.6428 Apparent power, S = 1250 VA Active power absorbed by the load is 250(5) cos (50o)= 1250(0.6428) = 803.5 watt Reactive power absorbed by load is 250(5) sin (50o)= 1250(0.766) = 957.56 var
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Source

Load

(lagging)

Complex Power
Defined as:

V I * S! 2
and

(VA)

Where,

V ! Vm U v Vrms ! Vm 2

I ! ImUi
and

I* ! Im  Ui

If we let

U v ! Vrms U v

Irms !

Im Ui ! Irms Ui 2

S ! Vrms I * rms

(VA)

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Complex Power
V I * S! 2
Where,

(VA)

S! !

1 Vm U v Im  Ui 2 1 VmIm (U v  Ui ) 2

! VrmsIrms ( U v  Ui ) ! VrmsIrms cos( U v  Ui )  jVrmsIrms sin( U v  Ui ) ! P  jQ P ! Re S) ! VrmsIrms cos U v - Ui ) ( ( Q ! Im S) ! VrmsIrms sin U v - Ui ) ( (

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Complex Power
S ! P  jQ
The complex power contains all information about the load Irms = 5- 40o + Vrms = 25010o +  VL  Source We have seen before:
Apparent power, S = 1250 VA Active power, P = 803.5 watt

Load Reactive power, Q = 957.56 var With complex power, S = 25010o (540o) VA S = 1250 50o VA

S
50o 803.5 watt

957.56 var

S = (803.5 + j957.56) VA |S| = S = Apparent power = 1250 VA

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Complex Power
Other useful forms of complex power

S ! Vrms I * rms
We know that

Vrms ! ZIrms @ S ! ZIrms I * rms S ! Z Irms

2 2

S ! Irms (R  jX ) S ! ( Irms R  j Irms X)

P Q
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2 2

Complex Power
Other useful forms of complex power

S ! Vrms I * rms
We know that

Irms !

Vrms Z

V S ! Vrms rms Z

S!

Vrms Z

For a pure resistive element,

P! Q!

Vrms R Vrms X

For a pure reactive element,

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Conservation of AC Power
Complex, real, and reactive powers of the sources equal the respective sums of the complex, real and reactive powers of the individual loads

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Conservation of AC Power
Complex, real, and reactive powers of the sources equal the respective sums of the complex, real and reactive powers of the individual loads

Ss = Ps +jQs = (P1 + P2 + P3) + j (Q1 + Q2 + Q3) But

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Maximum Average Power Transfer

Max power transfer in DC circuit can be applied to AC circuit analysis ZTh
+

VTh

AC linear + circuit 

V


ZL

What is the value of ZL so that maximum average power is transferred to it?

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Maximum Average Power Transfer

ZTh
+

VTh

+ 

V


ZL

What is the value of ZL so that maximum average power is transferred to it?

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Maximum Average Power Transfer

What is the value of ZL so that maximum average power is transferred to it? ZTh
+

I ZTh= RTh + jXTh ZL ZL= RL + jXL

VTh

+ 

V


1 2 P ! I RL 2

P max when

xP xP ! 0 and !0 xRL xXL

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Maximum Average Power Transfer

What is the value of ZL so that maximum average power is transferred to it? ZTh
+

I!

(R Th

VTh  jX Th )  (RL  jXL ) VTh

2

VTh

+ 

V


ZL

P!

(R Th

RL  RL )2  ( XL  X Th )2 2

1 2 P ! I RL 2

P max when

xP xP ! 0 and !0 xRL xXL

XL = XTh , RL= RTh

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