Fourier theory made easy (?

A sine wave
8

5*sin (2T4t)
6 4

Amplitude = 5 Frequency = 4 Hz

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A sine wave signal

8

5*sin(2T4t)
6

Amplitude = 5
4 2

Frequency = 4 Hz Sampling rate = 256 samples/second Sampling duration = 1 second

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An undersampled signal
s in (2 T8 t), S R = 8 .5 H z
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The Nyquist Frequency

The Nyquist frequency is equal to one-half of the sampling frequency. The Nyquist frequency is the highest frequency that can be measured in a signal.

Fourier series
Periodic functions and signals may be expanded into a series of sine and cosine functions

http://www.falstad.com/fourier/j2/

The Fourier Transform

A transform takes one function (or signal) and turns it into another function (or signal)

The Fourier Transform

A transform takes one function (or signal) and turns it into another function (or signal) Continuous Fourier Transform:
close your eyes if you dont like integrals

The Fourier Transform

A transform takes one function (or signal) and turns it into another function (or signal) Continuous Fourier Transform:
H  f ! h t e 2Tift dt
g g

h t ! H  f e 2Tift df
g

The Fourier Transform

A transform takes one function (or signal) and turns it into another function (or signal) The Discrete Fourier Transform:
H n ! hk e 2Tikn N
k !0 N 1

1 N 1 hk ! H n e 2Tikn N N n !0

Fast Fourier Transform

The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a very efficient algorithm for performing a discrete Fourier transform FFT principle first used by Gauss in 18?? FFT algorithm published by Cooley & Tukey in 1965 In 1969, the 2048 point analysis of a seismic trace took 13 hours. Using the FFT, the same task on the same machine took 2.4 seconds!

Famous Fourier Transforms

2 1 0

Sine wave
0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 1 .2 1 .4 1 .6 1 .8 2

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-2

3 00 2 50 2 00 1 50 1 00 50 0 0 20 40 60 80 1 00 1 20

Delta function

Famous Fourier Transforms

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Gaussian
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250

Gaussian

Famous Fourier Transforms

1.5 1 0.5

Sinc function
-0 .8 -0 .6 -0 .4 -0 .2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

-0 .5 -1

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 00 -5 0 0 50 100

Square wave

Famous Fourier Transforms

1.5 1 0.5

Sinc function
-0 .8 -0 .6 -0 .4 -0 .2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

-0 .5 -1

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 00 -5 0 0 50 100

Square wave

Famous Fourier Transforms

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

Exponential
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 50 100 150 200 250

Lorentzian

FFT of FID
2 1 0 f = 8 Hz S R = 256 Hz T2 = 0.5 s 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

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-2

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

t F t ! sin 2Tft exp T 2

FFT of FID
2 f = 8 Hz S R = 256 Hz T2 = 0.1 s 1 0

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14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

FFT of FID
2 1 0

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f = 8 Hz S R = 256 Hz T2 = 2 s 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

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Effect of changing sample rate

2 1 0

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f = 8 Hz T2 = 0.5 s 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

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70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Effect of changing sample rate

2 S R = 256 Hz S R = 128 Hz 1 0

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f = 8 Hz T2 = 0.5 s 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

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70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Effect of changing sample rate

Lowering the sample rate:
Reduces the Nyquist frequency, which Reduces the maximum measurable frequency Does not affect the frequency resolution

Effect of changing sampling duration

2 1

-1

f = 8 Hz T2 = .5 s 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

-2

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Effect of changing sampling duration

2 1 S T = 2.0 s S T = 1.0 s

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f = 8 Hz T2 = .5 s 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

-2

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Effect of changing sampling duration

Reducing the sampling duration:
Lowers the frequency resolution Does not affect the range of frequencies you can measure

Effect of changing sampling duration

2 1

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f = 8 Hz T2 = 2.0 s 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Effect of changing sampling duration

2 S T = 2.0 s S T = 1.0 s 1

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f = 8 Hz T2 = 0.1 s

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Measuring multiple frequencies

3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 S R = 256 Hz 1.8 2 f1 = 80 Hz, T2 = 1 s 1 f2 = 90 Hz, T2 = .5 s 2 f3 = 100 Hz, T23 = 0.25 s

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Measuring multiple frequencies

3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 S R = 256 Hz 1.8 2 f1 = 80 Hz, T2 = 1 s 1 f2 = 90 Hz, T2 = .5 s 2 f3 = 200 Hz, T23 = 0.25 s

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Some useful links

http://www.falstad.com/fourier/ Fourier series java applet http://www.jhu.edu/~signals/ Collection of demonstrations about digital signal processing http://www.ni.com/events/tutorials/campus.htm FFT tutorial from National Instruments http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/CullingJ/dictionary.html Dictionary of DSP terms http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCEWWW/Features/McadInChem/mcad008/FT 4FreeIndDecay.pdf Mathcad tutorial for exploring Fourier transforms of free-induction decay http://lcni.uoregon.edu/fft/fft.ppt This presentation