Thermodynamics laws

The

total energy of a system remains constant The total entropi of a system must increase if a process is to occur spontaneously.

Terminologi
BMR  Free energy  Coupler-uncoupler reaction Coupler Hypertermia  Febris  Endergonik-eksergonik Endergonik Endotermik-eksotermik Endotermik UCP


Demam

: Suhu tubuh meningkat diatas normal. Suhu tubuh normal 36,5 37,2 37,2C. Hiperpireksia : > 42 C. Hipotermia : < 35 C. : - Kelainan otak - Bahan toksik ( Keduanya mempengaruhi pusat pengaturan tempeatur di hipotalamus / set point )

Etiologi

What is metabolism


Metabolism is the sum of all of the enzymesenzymescatalyzed reactions that take place in cells.

Can be viewed as having two contrasting processes : * catabolism : energy yielding reactions in which
complex mol are broken down to small molecule

* anabolism :

energy requiring reactions in which simple precursor molecule are converted into complex mol.

Stages of metabolism
Stage 1 : digestion giving monomeric units that are absorbed from the gut.  Stage 2 : conversion of the monomeric units into simple mol within cells such as amino acids, glucose and fatty acids.  Stage 3 : simple mol oxidized to CO2 and CO2 water. Most of ATP generated in this stage.


Role of Acetyl CoA

lipids fatty acids polysaccharides monosaccharides Acetyl CoA fatty acids triglcerides and phospholipids ketone bodies cholesterol citric acid cycle bile salts steroids CO2 + H2O + ATP proteins amino acids

Energy yielding in catabolism

Catabolism of C-H, lipids, aa to a simpler Cendend-product such as CO2, H2O and amonia is CO2 H2 accompanied by the synthesis of ATP. ATP.  ATP is utilized for various cellular functions such as :

    

synthesis of protein,RNA,DNA for growth, adaptation and repair, synthesis of fat and glycogen, performance of mechanical work, active ion transport, absorptions of nutrients against the gradient.

Energy Metabolism
Each large macromolecule is broken down into something smaller.  Carbohydrates Simple sugars  Fats Fatty acids and glycerol  Proteins Amino acids
 

Each step in their breakdown must be a carefully controlled process.ATP is used as process.ATP the basic energy transfer unit.

ATP
ATP adenosine triphosphate  a nucleotide composed of three basic units.

adenine phosphate chain
O O
-

NH2 N O CH2 N O N N

O O P OO

O P O-

P O-

OH

OH

ribose

ATP and ADP

NH 2 OO P O OO P O O- CH2 N O N N N

It takes energy to put on the third phosphate. Energy is released when it is removed.

ADP

OH

OH

NH 2 O O- P O OO P O OO P O O- CH 2 N O N N N

ATP
OH OH

ADP - ATP conversions act as a major method of transferring energy.

ATP and ADP

NH 2 OO P O OO P O O- CH2 N O N N N

It takes energy to put on the third phosphate. Energy is released when it is removed.

ADP

OH

OH

NH 2 O O- P O OO P O OO P O O- CH 2 N O N N N

ATP
OH OH

ADP - ATP conversions act as a major method of transferring energy.

Energy, ATP and the Movement of Phosphate

phosphoenolpyruvate
P P P

ADP

Energy

1,3-diphosphoglycerate creatine phosphate

ATP

glucoseglucose-1-phosphate fructosefructose-6-phosphate glucoseglucose-6-phosphate

P P P

ADP

Mitochondria


Powerhouse of the Powerhouse Outer cell.

membrane

Intermembrane space Matrix

Inner membrane

Cristae 0.2-0.8 Qm

Mitochondria

        

Outer membrane

Mostly phospholipids and cholesterol. Contains transport protein that forms pores. Very permeable. Inner membrane Highly folded structures known as cristae. cristae. Inner space is called the matrix. matrix. Different structure compared to outer membrane - not permeable. Contains three types of proteins.

Inner Membrane Proteins




Transport

Used to move materials across inner membrane.

Respiratory chain  Complexes that are responsible for production of ATP from energy sources. Requires oxygen.


ATP synthase  Used for the phosphorylation of ADP.

 

All work together to produce energy in cell.

Where Reactions Occur


 

Synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm glycolysis production of fatty acids and amino acids

Oxidation occurs in the mitochondria  citric acid cycle  fatty acid oxidation  oxidation of amino acids
 

This makes the various reactions easier to control because they occur in different places.

Oxidative Phosphorylation


Much of the energy from metabolism

from this process.

comes

NADH and FADH2 are both used to produce additional ATP when they are oxidized. NADH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide FADH2 flavin adenine dinucleotide The oxidation relies on the flow of electrons using a complex structure in the mitochondria.

Electron Transport Chain

inner membrane space of mitochondria FP Fe-S CoQ Cyt c1 Cyt b inner membrane NADH + H+ FP Fe-S CoQ Cyt FADH2 4 H+ + 4 e- + O2 Cyt c Fe-S Cyt a,a3

2 H 2O flavoprotein iron-sulfur protein coenzyme Q cytochromes. Structurally related proteins that each contain iron

Components of the Electron Transport Chain

cytochrome c

flavoprotein

Electron Transport Chain

This portion of the process is responsible for the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ (FADH2 as well). Results in H+ being built up in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. This difference in H+ is what drives the second portion of the system.


Note - This phase requires oxygen!

ATP Synthase and the F1 Complex

Outer mitochondrial membrane
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+

Inner mitochondrial membrane

H+ H+ H+

Electron Transport Chain

F1-ATPase complex

H+ ADP + Pi ATP

ATP Synthase and the F1 Complex

In this step, the H+ concentration difference between the mitochondrial matrix and the intermembrane space is what provides the energy to produce ATP . Steps consist of H+ Transport F1 Event movement of H+ production of ATP

ATP Produced per Glucose

  

Glycolysis: 2 ATP 2 NADH Citric Acid Cycle: 2 GTP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 ATP

2 ATP 2.5 ATP/NADH 5 ATP*

    

1 ATP/GTP 2 ATP 2.5 ATP/NADH 15 ATP 1.5 ATP/FADH2 3 ATP 32

* 3 ATP in muscle and brain. 30 ATP / glucose

Energy Yield 30 - 32 ATP / glucose Mitochondria

Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate
2 NADH 2 NADH

Acetyl CoA
6 NADH+ 2 FADH2 2 GTP

Oxidative phosphorylation

2 ATP

26-28 ATP

2 ATP

Control of the Citric Acid Cycle

Several routes for controlling the cycle.  Insufficient oxygen.


Reduced energy demand causes a  build up of ATP, NADH inhibits Pyruvate to acetyl CoA  conversion. Acetyl CoA production of citrate  (ATP only). Some intermediate steps in the 

Use of Amino Acids and Fatty Acids

Liver glycogen

Fats and protein can also be used by the body as a source of energy. Not as easily used as carbohydrates.

glucose-6-P

Amino Acids or Fatty Acids

pyruvate