Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Part 1
Development of Islamic Banking System
Definition of a Bank
Banking business means: (a) The business of; (i) Receiving deposits on current account, deposit account, savings account or other similar account; (ii) Paying and collecting cheques drawn by or paid in by customers; and, (iii) Provision of finance; or (b) Such other business as the bank (BNM), with the approval of the Minister may prescribe Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989 (BAFIA)
Shariah Islamiyyah compliance Meet financing and investment needs of the Muslims Meet modern requirement of individual and commercial needs Encourages financial innovations but in line with Shariah In Malaysia, growing regulatory and social support
The 1st. Islamic Bank Mit-Ghamr Nasser MitSocial Bank, Egypt (1963) Dalla Al-Baraka Group, Saudi (1969) AlIslamic Development Bank, Jeddah, Saudi (1975) Dar al-Maal al-Islami, Saudi (1981) alalBIMB (1983) Jordan Islamic Bank, Dubai Islamic Bank etc
Legal, political and economic changes internationally Islamization and Institutional Reform (e.g. Pakistan, Iran, Sudan, Malaysia) International Muslim organizations (OIC IDB etc) International response to capture capital/fund of oil rich Islamic countries (e.g. Citibank, Dresdner Kleinworth Benson, ANZ group, etc.
In 1963, the Pilgrims and Fund Management 1963, Board provides a savings mechanism for Muslims to perform Hajj In 1983, the Islamic Banking Act (IBA) was 1983, approved and defined Islamic Banking as banking business whose aims and operations do not involve any element which is not approve by the religion of Islam. Government Investment Act (Act 275) 1983 empowers the government to issue Government Investment Certificates (GIC) with returns in the form of discretionary gift (Hibah) rather than interest In 1993, Conventional banks can operate Islamic 1993, baking and financial products known as Skim Perbankan Tanpa Faedah (SPTF)
PART 2
ACCOUNTING
A PROCESS OF
Recognising, recording, classifying and summarising business transaction Documents Vouchers Ledger Trial Balance Report (Mgmt)
Financial Statement Balance Sheet Income Statement Stmt of Changes In Equity Cash Flow Statement Notes to Accounts
STAKEHOLDERS 1. Management 2. Board of Directors 3. Shareholders 4. Investors 5. Creditors 6. Authorities BNM, Inland Revenue, Baitulmal 7. Staff 8. Public
Accounting entity (Owners (principals) are different from managers (agents) Economic events (identifiable and measurable in monetary terms) Financial description Decision usefulness to a very restricted set of users (esp. those with financial involvement with the entity) NeoNeo-Classical Economics and maximization of wealth of stakeholders
Provide information that is useful to present and potential investors and creditors and other users in making rational decisions Information should be comprehensible to those who have reasonable understanding of economic activities and are willing to study the information Primary user groups are shareholders, investors and creditors Secondary user groups are employees, customers, and the public Accountability framework - the objective is to provide a fair system of information flow between the accountor (agent) and the accountee (principal)
PART 3
Accounting from an Islamic perspective
Islamic Accountability
Transcendental accountability to Allah SWT (Hablumminallah) (Hablumminallah) Social accountability to the society (Hablumminan-nass) Hablumminan-nass) Individuals as trustees or khalifah Success in this world and in the hereafter (al-falah) al-falah) Economic goals beyond purely wealth but include tazkiyah (purification of self and wealth)
No different in terms of recording (double entry system) Clear distinction of Accounting Objectives i.e. religious obligation vs. commercial obligation (different significance of financial statements) Different users information need (legitimate and equitable transactions and wealth vs. maximization of wealth and economic consequences) Compliance with the principles and rules of Syariah Different Islamic contractual relationships (mudarabah instrument; murabahah etc.) Distinct accountability relationships (to Allah SWT and Ummah) Determination of zakat
Investors (potential and existing) (lawful and equitable investment) Creditors (potential and existing) (lawful trade assets) Regulators (e.g. Bank Negara) Syariah Supervisory Board & Advisory Council (syariah compliance) Customers (lawful goods and services) Others who may be effected by the disclosure or non-disclosure of information non-
PART 4
Introduction to AAOIFI Accounting Standards and Objectives of Financial Accounting and Reporting
History: established in 1991 agreement of association by IFIs worldwide supported by IDB Head office is in Bahrain Organizational Structure Supervisory Committee; Financial Accounting Standard Board; Executive Committee; Shariah Committee Funded by founding members of IFIs, establishment of waqf etc.
To determine rights and obligations of interested parties To safeguard entity assets and rights of others To contribute to enhancement of managerial productive capacities To provide useful information to make legitimate decisions Syariah compliance Distinguish prohibited earnings and expenditure
Present entitys economic resources, obligations and related risks Determine Zakat obligations Estimate cash flow and related risk Ensuring reasonable (or equitable) rates of returns to investors Disclose Islamic Banks discharge of social responsibility (not as a constraint but as a goal)
PART 5
Accounting concepts from an Islamic perspective
Historical Value vs. Current Value Cash Equivalent Value (most preferred if the following are available): availability of objective indicator; relevant information; logical and relevant valuation consistency of valuation methods experts valuation conservatism in the valuation process
Definition of Assets
Capable of generating positive cash flows or other economic benefits in the future either by itself or in combination with other assets which the bank has acquired the right to hold (rightful ownership of maal), use (rightful maal), of dispose (rights on manfaat) as a result (rights manfaat) of past transactions or events (AAOIFI)
Conclusions
Islamic accounting framework (objectives and concepts): 1. Compliance with syariah and, achievement of Islamic goals, on financial activities (financing schemes and financial instruments) 2. Equitable and fair recognition, measurement, valuation and disclosure of financial information 3. Achievement of both economic and spiritual well being of the society