Ota000004 SDH Principle Issue 2.30

SDH Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. SDH Overview 2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods 3. Overheads & Pointers
Page1
Emergence of SDH

What is SDH?
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy It defines a standard frame structure, a specific multiplexing method, and so on.
Why did SDH emerge?

Need for a system to process increasing amounts of information. New standard that allows interconnecting equipment of different suppliers.
Page2
Advantages of SDH

Interfaces
PDH electrical interfaces

SDH electrical interfaces

Only 3 regional standards: European (2.048 Mb/s), Japanese, North American (1.544 Mb/s)
Universal standards
SDH optical interfaces

Can be connected to different vendors optical transmission equipments.
PDH optical interfaces

No standards, manufacturers develop at their will.
Page3
Disadvantages of PDH

Multiplexing methods: Level by level

140 Mb/s 34 Mb/s 8 Mb/s 8 Mb/s 34 Mb/s
140 Mb/s
Demultiplexers
Multiplexers
2 Mb/s
Not suitable for huge-volume transmission Headache for network planners
More equipment to achieve this functionality More equipment More floor space More power More costs
Page4
Advantages of SDH

Multiplexing methods: byte interleaved

Lower rate SDH to higher rate SDH
(STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64)
One Byte from STM-1 B
STM-1 A
A
STM-1 B
B
4:1
STM-4
C STM-1
D STM-1
--- Synchronous multiplexing method and flexible mapping structure

What about PDH?
--- Multistage pointer to align PDH loads in SDH frame, thus, dynamic drop-and-insert capabilities
Page5
Advantages of SDH

OAM function
PDH

SDH

In the frame structure of PDH signals, there are few overhead bytes used for OAM.
Abundant overheads bytes for OAM
Remote & Centralized Management
Weak OAM function
Fast circuit provisioning from centralized point
Page6
Advantages of SDH

Compatibility
STM-N Transmit Receive STM-N
Processing Container
SDH Network
Container
Processing
Pack
PDH SDH ATM Ethernet
Unpack
PDH SDH ATM Service Signal Flow Model Ethernet
Page7
Comparison between SDH and PDH

Low bandwidth utilization ratio

In PDH, E4 signal (140Mbits/s) can contain 64 E1 signals. In SDH, STM-1 (155 Mbits/s) can only carry 63 E1 signals.

Complex mechanism of pointer justification Influence of excessive use of software on system security
Page8
Contents
Page9
SDH Frame Structure

From ITU-T G.707: 1. One frame lasts for 125 microseconds (8000 frames/s) Rectangular block structure 9 rows and 270 columns (Basic frame: STM-1) Each unit is one byte (8 bits) Transmission mode: Byte by byte, row by row, from left to right, from top to bottom Frame = 125 us
2.
3. 4.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
270 Columns
9 rows
Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000

Page10
SDH Frame Structure

Frame = 125 us
Three parts:
SOH AU-Pointer Information Payload
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RSOH AUPTR MSOH
Information Payload
9 rows
9 270 Columns
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page11
SDH Frame Structure

Information Payload Also known as Virtual Container level 4 (VC-4) Used to transport low speed tributary signals Contains low rate signals and Path Overhead (POH) Location: rows #1 ~ #9, columns #10 ~ #270
LPOH, TU-PTR
RSOH AU-PTR
9 rows
package
HPOH
1
Payload
package
low rate signal
MSOH
LPOH, TU-PTR
9 270 Columns
Data package
Page12
SDH Frame Structure

Section Overhead
Functions: Fulfills the section layer OAM
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9
Types of Section Overhead

RSOH
1.
AU-PTR MSOH
Information Payload
9 rows
9 270 Columns
RSOH monitors the regenerator section 2. MSOH monitors the multiplexing section Location: 1. RSOH: rows #1 ~ #3, columns #1 ~ #9 2. MSOH: rows #5 ~ #9, columns #1 ~ #9
Page13
SDH Frame Structure

AU-PTR
Function: Indicates the first byte of VC4 Location: row #4, columns #1 ~ #9
RSOH
4 AU-PTR
Information Payload
9 rows
MSOH
J 1
9 270 Columns
Page14
SDH Multiplexing Features

SDH Multiplexing includes:

Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1 PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M STM-N) STM-N) STM-N)
Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (IP

Some terms and definitions:

Mapping Aligning Multiplexing
Go to glossary
Page15
SDH Multiplexing Structure

1 STM-64 STM-16 STM-4 1 1 AUG-64 4 AUG-16 4 AUG-4 4 STM-1 1 AUG-1 1 AU-4-4c VC-4-4c C-4-4c 1 AU-4-64c 1 AU-4-16c VC-4-64c VC-4-16c C-4-64c C-4-16c
1 AU-4 3 VC-4 C-4 E4 signal
Mapping Aligning Multiplexing
TUG-3 7
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
E3 signal
TUG-2 3 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 E1 signal
Go to glossary
Page16
From 140Mb/s to STM-N
C4 1 Rate adaptation Add HPOH H P O H 1
VC4 1 Next
140M
9 Mapping 1 260 125 s
9 125 s 261
Page17

10 270 AUG-1 1 STM-1 RSOH Add AU-PTR AU-PTR AU-4 X1 Add SOH 9 Aligning Multiplexing AUG-N 1 STM-N RSOH One STM-1 frame can load only one 140Mbit/s Signal Add SOH 9 AU-PTR MSOH Info Payload 270N AU-PTR MSOH Info Payload 270
Page18

C3 1 34M Rate Adaptation Add LPOH L P O H 9 Mapping 1 125 s 85 VC3 1 Next
9 1 84 125 s
Page19

TU-3 1 H1 H2 H3 86 1 1 1 H1 H2 H3 3 R 9 9 TUG-3 86 1 1 VC-4 3 261
1st align
Fill gap
H P R R O H
Aligning
Multiplexing
Same procedure as 140M
Page20
From 2Mb/s to STM-N

VC12 4 1 Rate Adaptation 9 125 s Mapping Add LPOH 1 LPOH 4 1 1 TU12 4 1 Next page 9 TU-PTR
C12 1
2M
Add TU-PTR 9 Aligning
Page21
From 2Mb/s to STM-N

TUG-2 1 12 1 X3 9 Multiplexing Multiplexing X7 R R 1 TUG-3 86 1
9 Same procedure as 34M
Page22
Questions
What are the main parts of SDH Frame structure? What is the transmission rate of STM-4? How to calculate it ?
Page23
Contents
Page24
Overheads
Overheads
Section Overhead (SOH)
Path Overhead (POH)
Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH)
Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH)
High Order Path Overhead (HPOH)
Low Order Path Overhead (LPOH)
Page25
Overheads
1 1
RSOH
2 A1
3 A1
4 A2 E1 D2
5 A2
6 A2
7 J0 F1 D3
8 X X
9 X X
10 J1 HPOH: VC-3/4 B3 C2 G1
A1 B1 D1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B2 D4 D7 B2 B2 K1 D5 D8
AU-PTR K2 D6 D9 D12
MSOH
F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
D10 D11 Media dependent bytes (Radio-link, Satellite) X Reserved for National use S1 M1 Huawei propriety bytes
V5 J2 N2 K4
Page26
E2 LPOH: VC-11/12
A1 and A2 Bytes

Framing Bytes
Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame Bytes are unscrambled A1 = f6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000) STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Finding frame head
Page27
A1 and A2 Bytes
Frame Find A1,A2 Y N over 625 s (5 frames) OOF over 3ms LOF
Next process
AIS
D1 ~ D12 Bytes

Data Communications Channel (DCC) Bytes

RS-DCC D1 ~ D3 192 Kbit/s (3x64 Kbit/s) MS-DCC D4 ~ D12 576 Kbit/s (9x64 Kbit/s)
NE
NE DCC channel
NE
NE
TMN
OAM Information: Operation, Administration and maintenance
Page29
E1 and E2 Bytes

Orderwire Bytes
E1 RS Orderwire Byte E2 MS Orderwire Byte Used between regenerators Used between multiplexers
NE
NE E1 and E2
NE
NE
Digital telephone channel E1-RS, E2-MS
Page30
B1 Byte

Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte

A parity code (even parity) Used to check the transmission errors over the RS B1 BBE is represented by RS-BBE (performance event)
B1 STM-N
Tx A1 A2 A3 A4 00110011 11001100 10101010 00001111
Rx
BIP-8
1#STM-N
B Calculate B
2#STM-N
B 01011010
2#STM-N
B1 = B
Calculate B Compare B & B RS-BBE
1#STM-N
Page31
B2 Byte

Bit interleaved Parity Code (MS BIP-24) Byte

BIP-24 is used to check the bit errors over the MS B2 BBE is represented by MS-BBE (performance event) The working mechanism of B2 is same as B1
Page32
M1 Byte

Multiplexing Section Remote Error Indication Byte

A return message from Rx to Tx ,when Rx find B2 bit errors Value is the same as the count of BIP-24xN (B2) bit errors Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-FEBBE
Traffic Tx Rx
Generate MS-FEBBE MS-REI

Return M1 Find B2 bit errors Generate MS-BBE

Page33
K1 and K2 (b1-b5) Bytes

Automatic Protection Switching (APS) bytes
I I
I I
WTR
S P
WTR P
Used for network multiplexing protection switch function

Transmitting APS protocol
Page34
K2 (b6 ~ b8) Byte

Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "111

Generate MS-AIS alarm
Start
Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "110"

Generate MS-RDI alarm
Detect K2 (b6b8) 111 Generate MS-AIS
110
Return MS-RDI
Generate MS-RDI
S1 Byte

Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSB): S1

b1 ~ b4 b5 ~ b8 Value indicates the external clock ID (Extended SSM) Value indicates the sync. Level (Standard SSM)
bits 5 ~ 8
0000 0010 0100 1000 1011 1111
Description
Quality unknown (existing sync. Network) G.811 PRC SSU-A (G.812 transit) SSU-B (G.812 local) G.813 (Sync. Equipment Timing Clock) Do not use for sync (DNU).
Page36
Path Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
J1 VC-n Path Trace Byte Path BIP-8 Path Signal Label Path Status Path User Channel TU Multiframe Indication Path User Channel AP Switching Network Operator B3 C2 G1 F2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A UP T R M S O H
H4 F3 K3
Higher Order Path Overhead

N1
Page37
J1 Byte

Path trace byte

The first byte of VC-4 User-programmable (HUAWEI SBS) The received J1 should match the expected J1
HP-TIM Next process Detect J1
Match
Page38
B3 Byte

Path bit parity

Even parity code Used to detect bit errors Mechanism is same as B1 and B2
Verify B3
Correct
HP-BBE
Next process
Page39
C2 Byte

Signal label byte

The received C2 should match with the expected C2 Specifies the mapping type in the VC-n

Detect C2
N Y N
00H
Match
HP-UNEQ
00 H 02 H 13 H
Unequipped TUG structure ATM mapping

Next process HP-SLM
Insert AIS downward
Page40
Path Overheads

V5
Indicated by TU-PTR Error checking, Signal Label and Path Status of VC-12

Low Order Path Overhead
1 1 V5
4 J2 N2 K4
b1 - b2 Error Performance Monitoring (BIP-2)
VC-12
VC-12
VC-12
VC-12
b3
Return Error detected in

9 500 s VC-12 multi-frame
VC-12 (LP-REI)

b8
Return alarm detected in
VC-12 (LP-RDI)
Page41
Pointers
Pointers
Bytes indicated
Administrative Tributary
Unit Pointer (AU-PTR)
Unit Pointer (TU-PTR)
AU-PTR VC-4 J1 TU-PTR VC-3 J1 VC-12 V5
Page42
AU-PTR
1
RSOH
Positive Negative justification justification
H1YYH2FF H3H3H3
MSOH
0 --- 1--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86 87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
9 1
RSOH
435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 125 s 522 --- 523 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 608 696 --- 697 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 782 0 --- 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86 87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
H1YYH2FFH3H3H3
9 1
435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 250 s 9 270
Page43
TU-PTR
TU Multi-frame 500 s 1 H1 TU POINTERS H2 H3 VC3 1 4
VC12
9
VC12
VC12
VC12
TU POINTERS
V1
V2
V3
V4
Page44
Questions

Which byte is used to report the MS-AIS and MS-RDI?

What is the mechanism for R-LOF generation? Which byte implements the RS (MS/HP) error monitoring?
Page45
Summary

SDH Overview Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods Overheads & Pointers
Page46
Thank you
www.huawei.com

Ota000004 SDH Principle Issue 2.30

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Ota000004 SDH Principle Issue 2.30

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SDH Principle

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Why did SDH emerge?

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH electrical interfaces

SDH optical interfaces

Can be connected to different vendors optical transmission equipments.

PDH optical interfaces

No standards, manufacturers develop at their will.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiplexing methods: Level by level

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiplexing methods: byte interleaved

--- Synchronous multiplexing method and flexible mapping structure

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abundant overheads bytes for OAM

Remote & Centralized Management

Weak OAM function

Fast circuit provisioning from centralized point

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparison between SDH and PDH

Low bandwidth utilization ratio

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Frame Structure

Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000

SDH Frame Structure

RSOH AUPTR MSOH

SDH Frame Structure

low rate signal

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Frame Structure

Types of Section Overhead

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Frame Structure

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Multiplexing Features

SDH Multiplexing includes:

Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (IP

Some terms and definitions:

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

SDH Multiplexing Structure

1 AU-4 3 VC-4 C-4 E4 signal

Mapping Aligning Multiplexing

TUG-2 3 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 E1 signal

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

From 140Mb/s to STM-N

C4 1 Rate adaptation Add HPOH H P O H 1

9 Mapping 1 260 125 s

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

From 140Mb/s to STM-N

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

From 34Mb/s to STM-N

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

From 34Mb/s to STM-N

Same procedure as 140M

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

From 2Mb/s to STM-N

Add TU-PTR 9 Aligning

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bit rate of STM-1= 92708*8000