DONE BY :NIMISHA DINESHAN VARSHA SHREYAS NIYAS ASHRITH

INTRODUCTION
The term "Orient" derives from the Latin word oriens meaning "east" (where the sun rises) . Many ancient temples, including pagan temples and the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, were built with their main entrances facing the East. The term Orient particularly included regions that used to be known as Persia , Mesopotamia , Asia Minor , and Egypt. By the late 19th century, the term usually referred to China , Japan , Korea and surrounding nations.

In contemporary English, Oriental usually refers to things from the parts of East Asia traditionally occupied by East Asians and most Central Asians and Southeast Asians racially categorized as "Mongoloid". This excludes Indians, Arabs, most other West Asian peoples.

During this period, the Assyrians advanced along the Mediterranean coast, accompanied by Greek mercenaries, who were also active in the armies of Psammeticus in Egypt. The new groups started to compete with established Greek merchants. In other parts of the Aegean world similar population moves occurred. These interchanges led to a period of intensive borrowing in which the Greeks adapted cultural features from the Semitic East into their art.

Architectural bilateral symmetry

An important feature in Chinese architecture is its emphasis on articulation and bilateral symmetry, which signifies balance. Bilateral symmetry and the articulation of buildings are found everywhere in Chinese architecture, from palace complexes to humble farmhouses. When possible, plans for renovation and extension of a house will often try to maintain this symmetry provided that there is enough capital to do so. In contrast to the buildings, Chinese gardens are a notable exception which tends to be asymmetrical. The principle underlying the garden's composition is to create enduring flow.

Model of a Chinese Siheyuan in Beijing, which shows off the symmetry, enclose heavy platform and a large roof that floats over this base, with the vertical walls not as well emphasized.

Enclosure
The traditional Chinese architecture, involves constructing buildings or building complexes that take up an entire property but encloses open spaces within itself. These enclosed spaces come in two forms: the courtyard and the "sky well" . The use of open courtyards is a common feature in many types of Chinese architectures. This is best exemplified in the Siheyuan, which consists of an empty space surrounded by buildings connected with one another either directly or through verandas. These enclosures serve in temperature regulation. Northern courtyards are typically open and facing the south to allow the maximum exposure of the building windows and walls to the sun while keeping the cold northern winds out. Southern sky wells are relatively small and serves to collect rain water from the roof tops while restricting the amount of sunlight that enters the building. Sky wells also serve as vents for rising hot air, which draws cool air from the lowers stories of the house and allows for exchange of cool air with the outside.

Classical Chinese buildings, especially those of the wealthy are built with an emphasis on breadth and less on height, with close heavy platform and a large roof that floats over this base, with the vertical walls not well emphasized. This contrasts Western architecture, which tends to grow in height and depth. Chinese architecture stresses the visual impact of the width of the buildings.

The halls and palaces in the Forbidden City, for example, have rather low ceilings when compared to equivalent stately buildings in the West.

Chinese architecture from early times used concepts from Chinese cosmology such as feng shui ( geomancy ) and Taoism to organize construction and layout from common residences to imperial and religious structures. This includes the use of: Screen walls to face the main entrance of the house, which stems from the belief that evil things travel in straight lines.

Talismans and imagery of good fortune

 Door gods displayed on doorways to ward off evil and encourage the flow of good fortune.

Three anthropomorphic figures representing Fu Lu Shou stars are prominently displayed, sometimes with the proclamation "the threes star are present"

Good Fortune (Fu) Prosperity (Lu) Longevity (Shou)

 Animals and fruits that symbolize good fortune and prosperity, such as bats and pomegranates, respectively. The association is often done through rebuses.

Orienting the structure with its back to elevated landscape and ensuring that there is water in the front. Considerations are also made such that the generally windowless back of the structure faces the north, where the wind is coldest in the winter Ponds, pools, wells, and other water sources are usually built into the structure

 They used large structural timbers for primary support of the roof of a building. Wooden timber, usually large trimmed logs, are used as load-bearing columns and lateral beams for framing buildings and supporting the roofs. Timber frames are typically constructed with jointnary and doweling alone, seldom with the use of glue or nails. Structural stability is further ensured through the use of heavy beams and roofs, which weighs the structure down. Using even numbers of columns in a building structure to produce odd numbers of bays. With the inclusion of a main door to a building in the centre bay, symmetry is maintained

Flat roofs are uncommon while gabled roofs are almost omnipresent in traditional Chinese architecture. Three main types of roofs are found

Straight inclined : Roofs with a single incline. These are the most economical
type of roofing and are most prevalent in commoner architectures

Multi-inclined : Roofs with 2 or more sections of incline. These roofs are used in
higher class constructions, from the dwellings of wealthy commoners to palaces

Sweeping : Roofs with a sweeping curvature that rises at the corners of the roof.
The types of roof construction are usually reserved for temples and palaces although it may also be found in the homes of the wealthy. In the former cases, the ridges of the roof are usually highly decorated with ceramic figurines.

Gabled roofs

Straight inclined

Multi-inclined

Sweeping

Unlike other building construction materials, old wooden structures often do not survive because they are more vulnerable to weathering and fires and are naturally subjected to rotting over time. In China its use of brick instead of wood had much to do with its endurance throughout the centuries. In the early 20th century, there were no known fully wood-constructed Tang Dynasty buildings that still existed; the oldest so far discovered was the 1931 find of Guanyin Pavilion at Dule Monastery. The earliest walls and platforms in China were of rammed earth construction, and over time, brick and stone became more frequently used. This can be seen in ancient sections of the Great Wall of China, while the brick and stone Great Wall seen today is a renovation of the Ming Dynasty (13681644).

Chinese classifications for architecture include: Chinese pavilions Terraces Multistory buildings Two-story pavilions Verandas with windows Chinese pagodas Pavilions or houses on terraces Rooms along roofed corridors Dougong interlocking wooden brackets, often used in clusters to support roofs and add ornamentation. Caisson domed or coffered ceiling

Dougong Chinese pavilions

Caisson

Commoner
The houses of commoners tended to follow a set pattern: the center of the building would be a shrine for the deities and the ancestors, which would also be used during festivities. On its two sides were bedrooms for the elders; the two wings of the building (known as "guardian dragons" by the Chinese) were for the junior members of the family, as well as the living room, the dining room, and the kitchen, although sometimes the living room could be very close to the center. Sometimes the extended families became so large that one or even two extra pairs of "wings" had to be built. This resulted in a U-shaped building,. All buildings were legally regulated, and the law held that the number of storeys, the length of the building and the colours used depended on the owner's class. Some commoners living in areas plagued by bandits built communal fortresses called Tulou for protection.

Imperial
There were certain architectural features that were reserved solely for buildings built for the Emperor of China. The use of yellow roof tiles, yellow having been the Imperial color. The Temple of Heaven, however, uses blue roof tiles to symbolize the sky. The roofs are almost invariably supported by brackets ("dougong"), a feature shared only with the largest of religious buildings. The wooden columns of the buildings, as well as the surface of the walls, tend to be red in color. Black is also a famous color often used in pagodas. It was believed that the gods are inspired by the black color to descend to the earth. The Chinese five-clawed dragon, adopted by the first Ming emperor for his personal use, was used as decoration on the beams, pillars, and on the doors on Imperial architecture. Only the buildings used by the imperial family were allowed to have nine jian , (space between two columns); only the gates used by the Emperor could have five arches, with the centre one, of course.

Pagodas

Chinese five-clawed dragon

Religious Buddhist architecture follows the imperial style. A large Buddhist monastery normally
has a front hall, housing the statue of a Bodhisattva, followed by a great hall, housing the statues of the Buddhas. Accommodations for the monks and the nuns are located at the two sides. Some of the greatest examples of this come from the 18th century Puning Temple and Putuo Zongcheng Temple. Buddhist monasteries sometimes also have pagodas, which may house the relics of the Gautama Buddha; older pagodas tend to be four-sided, while later pagodas usually have eight sides.

Daoist architecture, on the other hand, usually follows the commoners' style. The main
entrance is, however, usually at the side, out of superstition about demons which might try to enter the premise. In contrast to the Buddhists, in a Daoist temple the main deity is located in the main hall at the front, the lesser deities in the back hall and at the sides. The tallest pre-modern building in China was built for both religious and martial purposes. The Liaodi Pagoda of 1055 AD stands at a height of 84 m, and although it served as the crowning pagoda of the Kaiyuan monastery in old Dingzhou, Hebei, it was also used as a military watchtower for Song Dynasty soldiers to observe potential Liao Dynasty enemy movements.

Chinese urban planning is based on fengshui geomancy and the wellfield system of land division, both used since the Neolithic age. The basic wellfield diagram is overlaid with the luoshu, a magic square divided into 9 subsquares, and linked with Chinese numerology.

Japanese architecture originated in prehistoric times with simple pit-houses and stores that were adapted to a hunter-gatherer population. The introduction into Japan of Buddhism in the sixth century was a catalyst for large scale temple building using complicated techniques in wood. A gradual increase in the size of buildings led to standard units of measurement as well as refinements in layout and garden design. During the Meiji Restoration of 1868 the history of Japanese architecture was radically changed by two important events. The first was the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act of 1868, which formally separated Buddhism from Shinto and Buddhist temples from Shinto shrines, breaking an association between the two which had lasted well over a thousand years and causing, directly and indirectly, immense damage to the nation's architecture. Second, it was then that Japan underwent a period of intense Westernization in order to compete with other developed countries.

Much in the traditional architecture of Japan is not native, but was imported from China and other Asian cultures over the centuries, with such constancy that the building styles of all the Six Dynasties of China are represented. First of all is the choice of materials, always wood in various forms (planks, straw, tree bark, paper, etc.) for almost all structures. Unlike both Western and some Chinese architecture, the use of stone is avoided except for certain specific uses, for example temple podia and pagoda foundations.

The general structure is almost always the same: posts and lintels support a large and gently curved roof, while the walls are paper-thin, often movable and in any case non-carrying. Arches and barrel roofs are completely absent. Gable and eave curves are gentler than in China and columnar entasis (convexity at the center) limited. The roof is the most visually impressive component, often constituting half the size of the whole edifice. The slightly curved eaves extend far beyond the walls, covering verandas, and their weight must therefore be supported by complex bracket systems called toky , in the case of temples and shrines. The oversize eaves give the interior a characteristic dimness, which contributes to the building's atmosphere. The interior of the building normally consists of a single room at the center called moya, from which depart any other less important spaces.

Toky

Moya

Inner space divisions are fluid, and room size can be modified through the use of screens or movable paper walls. The separation between inside and outside is itself in some measure not absolute as entire walls can be removed, opening a residence or temple to visitors. Being shared by both sacred and profane architecture, these features made it easy converting a lay building into a temple or vice versa. This happened for example at H ry -ji, where a noblewoman's mansion was transformed into a religious building.

The prehistoric period includes the J mon, Yayoi and Kofun periods stretching from approximately 5000 BCE to the beginning of the eighth century CE. During the three phases of the J mon period the population was primarily huntergatherer with some primitive agriculture skills and their behavior was predominantly determined by changes in climatic conditions and other natural stimulants. Early dwellings were pit houses consisting of shallow pits with tamped earth floors and grass roofs designed to collect rainwater with the aid of storage jars. Later in the period, a colder climate with greater rainfall led to a decline in population. During the Yayoi period the Japanese people began to interact with the Chinese Han Dynasty, whose knowledge and technical skills began to influence them. The Japanese began to build raised-floor storehouses as granaries which were constructed using metal tools like saws and chisels that began to appear at this time.

The Kofun period marked the appearance of many-chambered burial mounds or tumuli. Early in the period the tombs, known as "keyhole kofun often made use of the existing topography, shaping it and adding man-made moats to form a distinctive keyhole shape, i.e. that of a circle interconnected with a triangle. Access was via a vertical shaft that was sealed off once the burial was completed. There was room inside the chamber for a coffin and grave goods. The mounds were often decorated with terracotta Towards the end of the Kofun period, tomb burials faded out as Buddhist cremation ceremonies gained popularity

The most significant contributor to architectural changes during the Asuka period was the introduction of Buddhism. New temples became centres of worship with tomb burial practices slowly becoming outlawed. Also, Buddhism brought to Japan and kami worship the idea of permanent shrines and gave to Shinto architecture much of its present vocabulary. Some of the earliest structures still extant in Japan are Buddhist temples established at this time. The oldest surviving wooden buildings in the world are found at H ry -ji, to the southwest of Nara. The Kon-d , in the style of Chinese worship halls, is a two-story structure of postand-beam construction, capped by an irimoya, or hipped-gabled, roof of ceramic tiles.

The country lies to the east coast of Asia and is covered by pacific ocean on eastern shores. The country lies in the earth quake area which had a great influence on building development. Bamboo is available in plenty which is widely used in buildings. Stone is only used for foundation that is sub structure where as timber is used for super structure. The climate is temperate but they receive heavy rainfall, so steep roofs are most common with projecting eaves to protect from hot sun.

climate

China

Japanese Architecture

Buddhism

Roof is made of heavy timbers. Made of wood Post-and-lintel structure Interior - multitude of partiallyscreened, geometrically-arranged rooms with sliding doors built with few nails or sometimes none

Five Story Pagoda

have five stories represent the five elements : Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, Sky

The Five Story Pagoda

Modern Architecture
Change in technology greatly affected the architecture. After World War II a lot of Japan had to be rebuilt, but the new Japan looked much different than old Japan. The styles went from big, rectangular prisms to long and tall skyscrapers.

A construction usually rises from a stone sub foundation to a curved roof covered with tiles, held by a console structure and supported on posts; walls are made of earth (adobe) or are sometimes totally composed of movable wooden doors. Architecture is built according to the k'an unit, the distance between two posts (about 3.7 meters), and is designed so that there is always a transitional space between the "inside" and the "outside." The Amita Hall of the Pusok temple in Antong is a good example. Later on (from the mid-oryo period to the early Choson dynasty), a multiplebracket system, or an inter-columnar-bracket set system, was developed under the influence of Mongol's Yuan dynasty (12791368).

In the Paleolithic the first inhabitants of the Korean peninsula used caves, rock shelters, and portable shelters. The remains of a portable shelter dating to c. 30,000 BC were excavated at the Seokjang-ri site in South Chungcheong Province. The earliest examples of pithouse architecture are from the Jeulmun Pottery Period. Early pit-houses contained basic features such as hearths, storage pits, and space for working and sleeping. Log houses were built by laying logs horizontally one on top of one another. The interstices between the logs were filled with clay to keep the wind out. Similar houses are still found in mountainous areas as like Gangwon-do province.

In the Mumun period buildings were pit dwellings with walls of wattle-anddaub and thatched roofs. Raised-floor architecture first appeared in the Korean peninsula in the Middle Mumun, c. 850-550 BC. Megaliths, sometimes called dolmens, are the burials of important and prestigious persons of the Mumun Pottery Period (1500-300 BC). They have been found in great numbers and along with stone-cist burials, megaliths and are the main examples of mortuary architecture in the Mumun. There are three types of megaliths: (1) the southern type, which is low and often a simple slab with supporting stones, (2) the northern type, which is larger and shaped much like a table, and (3) the capstone type, which has a capstone with no supporting stones. The distribution of the dolmens would imply some relation to other global megalithic cultures.

In the Three Kingdoms Period, some people lived in pit-houses while others lived in raised-floor buildings. For example, the Hanseong Baekje settlement of Seongdong-ri in Gyeonggi Province contained only pit-houses, while the Silla settlement of Sijidong in Greater Daegu contained only raised-floor architecture.

Goguryeo, the largest of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, is renowned for its mountain fortresses built horizontally and vertically along the incline of slopes. One of the well-preserved Goguryeo fortresses is Baekam fortress constructed before 6th century in present-day South-West Manchuria. A Chinese historian noted, "The Koguryo people like to build their palaces well." Patterned tiles and ornate bracket systems were already in use in many palaces in P'yongyang, the capital, and other town-fortresses in what now is Manchuria.

Religious Architecture