Presented by : MR. AMIR B.

MOHAMED CIAST, SHAH ALAM SELANGOR

Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor MOHAMED;

Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor MOHAMED;

KEMALANGAN JALANRAYA MELIBATKAN KERETA DAN LORI KREN

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Kemalangan Di Pejabat
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RESULTS
HIGHER COST & LOWER PROFIT MONEY SPENT FOR ACCIDENT IS NOT LIKE MONEY SPENT FOR MATERIAL OR WAGES. THERE IS NO RETURN ON MONEY SPENT FOR ACCIDENT.
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IMMEDIATE
DEATH INJURY PAIN DISEASE DAMAGE LOSS FEAR

SHORT TERM
MEDICAL TREATMENT REPAIRS REPLACEMENTS LOST PRODUCTION INCREASED COSTS DISCIPLINE LOW MORALE

LONG TERM
SUFFERING DISABILITY LOST INCOME INSURANCE COMPENSATION MISTRUST MISSED TARGETS PROFITABILITY

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VICTIM AND DEPENDENTS

Suffering Effect on sport & hobbies Continuing disability Effect on family
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Lost of earning Extra expenses

SUPERVISOR
Worry

Loss prestige

Recrimination

Report, extra work, training new staff

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SECTION OR DEPARTMENT

Morale

Capacity to produce

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FIRM OR ORGANISATION
Loss of earning Loss in paying in legal action Damage to the equipment and materials Lost of client
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Compensation Penalty Extra insurance premium

NATION

Loss of income in a form of income tax

Loss of morale

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ACCIDENT COSTS ICEBERG

INSURED COSTS (1)
 Medical (covering injury, ill health)  Compensation  Building damage  Tool, equipment, material, product damage  Production delays and interruptions  Legal expenses  Expenditure on emergency first aid supplies  Interim equipment rentals  Investigation time/clearing site  Wages paid for time lost  Costs hiring and/or training replacements  Overtime working  Extra supervisor time  Loss of expertise/experience  Decreased output of injured worker upon return  Loss of business and goodwill
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THE HIDDEN UNINSURED COSTS (8 36 as much as insured costs)

ACCIDENT RATIO STUDIES

THE HEINRICH THEORY (USA-1931) (USA1 29 300 SERIOUS / FATAL MINOR INJURIES NONNON-INJURY

THE TYE/PEARSON THEORY (UK-1974/75) (UK1 3 SERIOUS / FATAL MINOR INJURIES (1 TO 3 DAYS MC) FIRSTFIRST-AID INJURIES PROPERTY DAMAGE NONNON-INJURY / DAMAGE

THE BIRD THEORY (USA(USA-1969)

1 10 30 600 SERIOUS / FATAL MINOR INJURIES PROPERTY DAMAGE NONNON-INJURY

50 80 400

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AN UNPLANNED EVENT WHICH RESULTS IN UNACCEPTABLE CONSEQUENCES

AN UNDESIREABLE EVENT WHICH INTERRUPTS NORMAL ACTIVITY

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An unexpected, unplanned event in sequence of events, that occurs through a combination of causes. It results in injury or disease to an individual, damage to property or equipment, a near-miss, a loss or any nearcombination of these effects.
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Workers, unions and employees dont always agree on why accident happen. Workers may say that the workplace is : HAZARDOUS * UNSAFE * DANGEROUS * BADLY ORGANISED

THE WORKPLACE IS TO BLAME.

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Employers sometimes say that the worker is : CARELESS * RECKLESS * SILLY * ACCIDENT PRONE * STUBBORN * INCONSIDERATE * IGNORANT

THE WORKER IS TO BLAME.

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Some accidents may be due to human errors. But the work environment must recognise that the workers are human and sometimes make mistakes this must be acknowledged during workplace design. Employers can improve the workplace so that stress, fatigue and poor working conditions do not cause mistakes.

HAS BLAMING EACH OTHER SOLVED THE PROBLEM ? NO, AS CAN BE SEEN FROM THE ACCIDENT FIGURES.
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THE HUMAN FACTOR

DIRECTLY INVOLVED
 Fatigue  Stress  Taking shorts cut  Lack of experience  Lack of training  Lack of concentration  Not wearing
appropriate PPE  Using incorrect tool  Not following work practices

INDIRECTLY INVOLVED
 Fault with the
original design of a piece of equipment.  Inappropriate purchasing decisions.  Behavior of fellow individuals in the workplace.

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UNSAFE ACTS OF PERSON

 Operating without clearance/failure to secure or warn.  Operating or working at unsafe speed.  Making safety devices inoperative.  Using unsafe equipment or equipment unsafely.  Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining, etc.  Taking unsafe position of posture.  Working on moving of dangerous equipment.  Distracting, teasing, abusing, startling,
etc.  Failure to use safe attire or personal protective devices.
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UNSAFE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS

 Inadequately guarded, guards of improper height, strength, mesh, etc.  Unguarded absence of required guards.  Defective, rough, sharp, slippery, decayed, cracked, etc.  Unsafely designed machines, tools, etc.  Unsafely arranged, poor housekeeping, congestion, blocked exits, etc.  Inadequately lighted, sources of glare, etc.  Inadequately ventilated impure air sources, etc.  Unsafely clothed, no goggles, gloves, masks,
wearing high heels, etc.

 Unsafe processes, mechanical, chemical,

electrical, nuclear, etc.
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UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITION Improper use equipment

TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITION Incorrect tool selected for job; tool used in a manner for which it was not intended; overloading, defeat or removal of safety devices; use of obviously defective equipment. Hot metal clothing not worn or left unbuttoned. Incorrect type of glove/eye protection used. Failure to use safety harness/lifeline. Failure: to shut off equipment not in use; to place warning signs etc.; to lock or secure vehicles, switches, valves, ladders, materials against unexpected motion etc.; to warn others or give instructions. Jumping from heights, operating plants at unsafe speed, running, throwing materials, haste or short cuts taken, horseplaying. Gripping objects insecurely, taking wrong hold, improper body position adopted; attempting to lift excessive weight or move awkward load manually.
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Failure to make proper use of correct protective clothing/equipment. Failure to secure warn.

Working at unsafe speed. Incorrect posture or improper use of limbs.

UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITION Inattention

TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITION To footing or surrounds.

Personal unsafe position Standing/riding/walking in unsafe places. Unnecessary exposure to moving equipment, or equipment/substances which are hot. Unsafe placement Hazardous plant/ equipment/materials Unsafe operational method Inadequate personal equipment Unsafe precautions on plants/site equipment Of vehicles, materials or equipment (housekeeping). Accident caused through equipment or plant/materials which are rough; sharp; worn; hot; broken; improperly designed; constructed; assembled or maintained. Use of inherently hazardous methods or procedures; inadequately lifting aids. Improper of inadequate clothing or equipment provided. Inadequate guarding, shielding, insulation, earthling, shoring, labeling.
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UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITION Unsafe storage Environment hazards

TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITION Improperly stacked or placed equipment/materials; plant/ equipment inadequately secure against movement. Excessive noise, insufficient space, clearance, ventilation, lighting; inadequate traffic control; airborne dust; effects of room temperature. Defective premises, low headroom, slippery floors, improperly designed or damaged stairs, catwalks, ladder etc.; holes in floors; house-keeping. house-

Unsafe place of work and unsafe means of access/egress.

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ACCIDENT CAUSATION THEORIES

HEINRICH (1930s)
Emphasis for prevention on unsafe acts/condition. Approach can lead to blaming the worker when management system is at faults (prone worker approach). FIVE FACTORS/STAGES IN THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS; 1. ANCESTRY / SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT. 2. FAULT OF A PERSON 3. UNSAFE ACTS / CONDITION 4. ACCIDENT 5. INJURY
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ACCIDENT CAUSATION THEORIES

MULTIPLE CAUSATION THEORY More that one cause to any accident. The multicauses is equivalent to the third stage in the Heinrich theory. Heinrich made reference to Underlying causes. What were these cause. Using 5W, 1H.
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THE ACCIDENT HIERARCHY

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WORK ACTIVITIES OPERATING RULES ROOT CAUSE

VIOLATIONS

MISTAKES

DIRECT CAUSE

ACCIDENTS
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THE ACCIDENT STUDIES

MANAGEMENT Through Supervision
Controls

MAN FAILURE Knowledge, Attitude, Fitness, Ability

Which Causes or Permits

UNSAFE ACTS OF PERSONS

UNSAFE MECHANICAL OR PHYSICAL CONDITIONS

INEXPLICABLE

88%

10%
Which Cause

2%

ACCIDENTS 2% are unpreventable 50% are practically preventable 98% are of a preventable type
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Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor MOHAMED;

Safety is absence of danger. Safety is an attitude, a frame of mind.

It is the awareness of ones environment and actions, all day, everyday. To do this does not require genius, a PhD, or even a title or rank.

Safety is knowing what is going on; knowing what can

injure anyone or anything; knowing how to prevent that injury and then acting to prevent it. All it requires is intelligence and a reasonable amount of native ability to see, to hear, to smell and to think.
Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor MOHAMED;

Safety Awareness means ;

being able to recognise unsafe practices and conditions. It requires following safety procedures. getting to know all you can about the conditions that promote safety, including emergency response procedures. signifies you to willingness to take time to prevent accident. having the right attitude about safety, both your own and your coworkers safety. can help prevent injury, illness and accidental damage to company property. being on the lookout for unsafe practices and conditions in your work area.
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Safety Awareness is all about understanding the need to prevent avoidable accidents and there are three compelling reasons why every organisation and every individual MUST accept accident prevention as vital element of all activity in the workplace.

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An accident can lead to a change of lifestyle that can be for an individual and often for a whole family.
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Organisation face loss absenteeism, higher accident compensation premium Hidden cost of accidents stopped production, spoilage of material, damage to plant and equipment, replacement of staff, training & re-training, re-tooling, re-designing rererePrepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor MOHAMED;

 Social Security payments to

people injured in accidents, but not adequately covered by other insurance.

 Aid to dependent families

where income falls below a minimum level.

 Payments to legal personnel relating to court

proceedings.
 Preparation and issuance of laws standards and

regulations and their administration.

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EMPLOYER

S et OSH policy and committee. A llocate budget for OSH programmed and activities. F ulfill the need of OSH Legislation. E nsure all employees understand the related OSH
programmed and activities.

T raining for OSH commitment. Y ield analyses the achievement for improvement.
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EMPLOYEE

S earch all hazards at workplace. A ssess the potential risk. F ind the control measures. E xercise and make it habit. T ake part on OSH programmed and activities. Y ell for commitment.
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Prepared by AMIR BIN MOHAMED; CIAST, P.O.Box 7012, Jalan Petani 19/1, Section 19, Shah Alam, Selangor MOHAMED;