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INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU KAMPUS TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM JOHOR BAHRU

SCE 3105 PHYSICS IN CONTEXT

CHAPTER 1 PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT IN EVERYDAY LIFE

JABATAN SAINS

Warm - up
y What is physics?
y the natural science which examines basic concepts such as energy, force, and space-time and all that derives from these, such as mass, charge, matter and its motion.

y What do you have done today that involves physics?

Why study Physics ???

Physics is concerned with the description and understanding of nature (physical world) in an objective way. Measurement is one of its important tools.

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1-2: Physics & Measurements

y Identify the major fields of physics. y Convert unit y Describe the process of the scientific method. y List basic/fundamental SI Units. y Distinguish between accuracy and precision. y Use significant figures. y Explain techniques of good measurement

Areas of Physics
y Mechanics y Thermodynamics y Waves y Optics y Electromagnetism y Relativity y Quantum Mechanics

Scientific Method
y Make observations y Define the problem (Ask a question). y Develop a Hypothesis y Test hypothesis with experiments y Conclusion an interpretation of experimental results.

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A Scientific Method

A Scientific Method

A Scientific Method

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A Scientific Method

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A Scientific Method

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A Scientific Method

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Physics and Measurement

y Physics is based on experimentation, so the need for Standard measuring system was required. y Led to Systme International d Units to be adopted in 1960. y This system (SI Unit System) based on 7 Base Units in which all others are derived.

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Fundamental Quantities
y Some quantities cannot be measured in a simpler form and for convenience they have been selected as the basic quantities

y They are termed Fundamental Quantities, Units and Symbols

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Fundamental Quantities
Quantity Length Mass Time Electric current Temperature Luminous Intensity Amount of Substance SI Units meter kilogram second ampere kelvin candela mol Symbol m kg s A K cd mol
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Derived Quantities
y When a quantity involves the measurement of 2 or more fundamental quantities it is called a Derived Quantity

y The units of these are called Derived Units

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Derived Units
Quantity Force Energy & Work Power Pressure Electric Charge Electric Potential Capacitance Inductance Magnetic Flux Unit Newton Joule Watt Pascal Coulomb Volt Farad Henry Weber Abbreviation N J W Pa C V F H Wb In terms of Base Units kg ms-2 kg m2s-2 kg m2s-3 kg / (ms2 ) As kg m2 / (A s3 ) A2 s4 / (kg m2 ) kg m2 / (s2 A2 ) kg m2 / (A s2 )
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SI Units
y Length 1 meter (m)

y Mass 1 kilogram (kg)

y Time 1 second (s) y Current Ampere (A) y Temperature - 1 kelvin (K) y Derived Units
y Combination of units`
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Example
Question 1
The potential energy, PE, of a body of mass, m, raised to a height, h, is expressed mathematically as PE = mgh, where g is the gravitational constant. If m is measured in kg, g in m/s2, h in m, and PE in joules, then what is 1 joule described in base unit?

A. 1 kgm/s B. 1 kgm/s2 C. 1 kgm2/s D. 1 kgm2/s2

Section Check
Answer 1
Answer: D Reason:

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Since any quantities such as length can be measured in several different units, it is important to know how to convert from units, one unit to another.
cm km

m2

mm2

kg / m 3

g / cm 3

In any conversion, if the units do not combine algebraically to give the desired result, the conversion has not been carried out properly.
Examples Express the speed of 5600 m/s in km/h. 5600 m/s = 5600 m / 1 s = 20 160 km/h
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[ (5600) / (1000) ] km = 5.6 km [ (1) / (3600)] h 0.000278 h

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Exercise Converting the following values from the units given: a) 1.5 m = __________cm b) 0.23 mm = __________ m c) 200 g = __________ kg d) 15.7 cm = 157 _____ m e) 0.37 km = 370 _____cm f) 3000 mA = __________ A

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Exercise 2. Converting the following values from one unit to another: a) b) c) d) e) 0.75 hour = __________ min 2 m = ________ cm 200 mm = __________ m 1.7 g/cm = ________ kg/m 1.5 cm/s = __________m/s
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Example
Question 2

A car is moving at a speed of 90 km/h. What is the speed of the car in m/s?

A. 2.5101 m/s B. 1.5103 m/s C. 2.5 m/s D. 1.5102 m/s

Section Check
Answer 2
Answer: A Reason:

Accuracy Vs. Precision

Accuracy How close your measurement is to an accepted value for that measurement. Depends on how carefully the measurement was made.

Precision-2 Meanings The repeatability of a measurement. The number of significant digits in the measurement. Depends on the equipment used.

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Measurement
Precision Versus Accuracy

Click image to view the movie.

Example 3
Question 3
Ronald, Kevin, and Paul perform an experiment to determine the value of acceleration due to gravity on the Earth (980 cm/s2). The following results were obtained: Ronald - 961 12 cm/s2, Kevin - 953 8 cm/s2, and Paul 942 4 cm/s2. Justify who gets the most accurate and precise value.

A. Kevin got the most precise and accurate value. B. Ronalds value is the most accurate, while Kevins value is the
most precise.

C. Ronalds value is the most accurate, while Pauls value is the

most precise.

D. Pauls value is the most accurate, while Ronalds value is the

most precise.

Section Check
Answer 3
Answer: C Reason: Ronalds answer is closest to 980 cm/s2 and hence his result is the most accurate. Pauls measurement is the most precise within 4 cm/s2.

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Example 4
Question 4
What is the precision of an instrument?

A. The smallest division of an instrument. B. The least count of an instrument. C. One-half of the least count of an instrument. D. One-half of the smallest division of an instrument.

Section Check
Answer 4
Answer: D Reason: Precision depends on the instrument and the technique used to make the measurement. Generally, the device with the finest division on its scale produces the most precise measurement. The precision of a measurement is one-half of the smallest division of the instrument.

Example 5
Question 5
A 100-cm long rope was measured with three different scales. The answer obtained with the three scales were: 1st scale - 99 0.5 cm, 2nd scale - 98 0.25 cm, and 3rd scale - 99 1 cm. Which scale has the best precision?

A. 1st scale B. 2nd scale C. 3rd scale D. Both scale 1 and 3

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Section Check
Answer 5
Answer: B Reason: Precision depends on the instrument. The measurement of the 2nd scale is the most precise within 0.25 cm.

Scientific Notation
y A number written as a product of two numbers: a coefficient and a power of 10 y Designed for the expression of very big and very small numbers
y 3.6 x 104 y 1 gram of hydrogen contains 301,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules y 3.01 x 1023 molecules

y 0.00081 = 8.1 x 10-4

y Decimal moves 4 place to the right

y 34,000 = 3.4 x 104

y Decimal move 4 places to the left

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Powers of Ten
y Used for very large and very small number y Precision expression

10-18 10-15 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 10-2 10-1

attofemtopiconanomicomillicentideci-

a f p n Q m c d

101 102 103 106 109 1012

dekahectakilomegagigatera-

da h k M G T P E
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1015 peta1018 exa-

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Standard Prefixes : used to denote multiple of ten

Factor 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10
-9

Prefix deci centi milli micro nano pico femto ato

Symbol d c m m n p f a

Factor 101 102 103 106 109 1012 10

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Prefix deka hecto kilo Mega Giga Tera Peta

Symbol da h k M G T P

10-12 10
-15

10-18

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Standard Prefixes
Example: The capacitance of a capacitor is measured to be 0.00000000000125842325976 F (Farad)

0.000000001258423F
3 3
-9

3
F

= 1.25842325976 v 10 = 1.25842325976 nF

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Example 3
Question 3
Which of the following representations is correct when you solve 0.030 kg + 3333 g using scientific notation?

A. 3.4103 g B. 3.36103 g C. 3103 g D. 3363 g

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Section Check
Answer 3
Answer: B Reason: 0.030 kg can be written as 3.0 v102 g which has 2 significant digits, the number 3 and the zero after 3. In number 3333 all the four 3s are significant hence it has 4 significant digits. So our answer should contain 2 significant digits.

Significant Figures
y A method of expressing error in measurement. y Measure a value and then estimate one degree below the limit of the reading . y 5.35 cm

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Significant Figures
y Atlantic Pacific Rule y Pacific "P" is for decimal point is present. If a decimal point is present, count significant digits starting with the first non-zero digit from the left.
y 0.004703 has 4 significant digits. y 18.00 also has 4 significant digits.

y Atlantic "A" is for decimal point is absent. If there is no decimal point, start counting significant digits with the first non-zero digit from the right.
y 140,000 has 2 significant digits. y 20060 has 4 significant digits.

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Addition / subtraction process:

The final result of an addition and / or subtraction should have the same number of significant figures as the quantity with the least number of decimal places used in the calculation.

Example: 23.1+45+0.68+100 =168.78 =169 23.5 + 0.567+0.85 = 24.917 =24.9

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Multiplication / division process:

The final result of a multiplication and / or division should have the same number of significant figures as the quantity with the least number of significant figures used in the calculation.

Example: 0.586 x 3.4 = 1.9924 = 2.0 13.90 / 0.580 = 23.9655 = 24.00

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Measurement
Techniques of Good Measurement
To assure precision and accuracy, instruments used to make measurements need to be used correctly. This is important because one common source of error comes from the angle at which an instrument is read. To understand this fact better, observe the animation on the right carefully.

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Measurement
Techniques of Good Measurement
Scales should be read with one s eye directly above the measure.

(a)

If the scale is read from an angle, as shown in figure (b), you will get a different, and less accurate, value. The difference in the readings is caused by parallax, which is the apparent shift in the position of an object when it is viewed from different angles.

(b)

Greek Alphabet

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Summary
y What are the seven areas of physics?
y Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Waves, Optics, Electromagnetism, Relativity, Quantum Mechanics

y What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

y Accuracy is measuring the accepted value. y Precision is repeating very similar measurements.

y What is the purpose of Significant figures?

y To express precision. y Determine the number of digits to write.

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