Three basic components of architecture: -Commodity -Delight -Firmness

COMMODITY
Practical functioning of the building; the requirement that the set of spaces which is provided is actually useful and serves the purpose for which the building was intended

DELIGHT
Effect of the building on the aesthetic sensibilities of those who come into contact with.

FIRMNESS
The ability of the building to preserve its physical integrity and survive in the world as a physical object. The part of the building which satisfies the need for firmness is the STRUCTURE. Structure is the fundamental; without structure there is no building and therefore no commodity. Without well designed structure there can be no delight

The relationship between structural design and architectural design can take many forms
Ignoring structural considerations in form making Considering structure in form making

IGNORING STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS IN FORM MAKING

Technical requirements of the structure does not effect the form Structural elements are not important contributors to the aesthetics of the architecture.

The external surface of the Statue of Liberty is supported by a triangulated structural framework.

CONSIDERING STRUCTURE IN FORM MAKING

Building consist of nothing but the structure. The structural elements discipline the plan and general arrangement of the building, and form an important part of the visual vocabulary.

Olympic Stadium, Munich

Location of the Structural Elements

Structure and the space enclosing elements are one and the same thing Most suitable material is concrete The structure and space enclosing elements are entirely separate Steel, wood, concrete is suitable

Exhibition Hall of the CNIT Paris, France

Modern Art Warehouse, UK

Location of the Structural Elements

A structural framework of reinforced concrete supports cladding elements which are nonstructural\The mouldability of concrete , the structural continuity which is a feature of this material are exploited to produce a complex juxtaposition of solid and void.

The Types of Relationship between Structure and Architecture

Ornamentation of Structure Structure as Ornament Structure as Architecture Structure as Form Generator Structure Accepted Structure Ignored

Ornamentation of Structures
There has been a number of periods in the history of Western architecture in which the formal logic of a favored structural system has been allowed to influence if not totally determine the overall form of the building. Forms have been the logical consequences of the structural armatures of the buildings

The Parthenon

Reliance Control Building, Swindon

International Rail Terminal at Waterloo

Structure as a Ornament
Structure is given a visual prominence, but unlike Ornamentation of structure, the design process is driven by visual rather than by technical consideration. The performance of these structures is often less ideal when judged by technical criteria.

Three Versions of Structure as Ornament

Symbolically Artificially Created Circumstances A Visual Agenda Pursued which is incompatible with Structural Logic

SYMBOLICALLY
The images associated with advanced technology are manipulated freely to produce an architecture which celebrates technology Lightweight structural elements are used I-shaped x-sections Triangulated girders The circular hole cut in the web. Are used to symbolize technical excellence.

Llyod Headquarters Entry Canopy

ARTIFICIALLY CREATED CIRCUMSTANCES

In this type of building the forms of the exposed structure are justified technically, but only as the solutions to unnecessary technical problems that have been created by the designers of the building An unnecessary structural problem is created either intentionally or unintentionally which generates the need for a spectacular response (or solution!)

Centre Pompiduo, Paris

Renault Headquarters Building

PATERA BUILDING
The principal structural elements are external and the purlins and cladding rails are located within the cladding zone to give a very clean interior.

A VISUAL AGENDA PURSUED WHICH IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH STRUCTURAL LOGIC

Involves the adoption of an approach in which structure is expressed so as to produce a readable building in which technology is celebrated, but the visual agenda pursued is incompatible with the structural logic.

Atrium Lloyd Headquarters

STRUCTURE AS ARCHITECTURE (STRUCTURE WITHOUT ORNAMENT)

Building consist of only structure . The limits of what is structurally possible are reached in case of Long Span Tall Buildings Light and Portable Structures

LONG SPANS
Ice Hockey Rink, Yale University

Palazzetto Dello, Italy

TALL BUILDINGS
World Trade Center Petronas Towers

STRUCTURE AS A FORM GENERATOR/ STRUCTURE ACCEPTED

Structural requirements are allowed to influence strongly the form of the building, even though the structure is not necessarily exposed The configuration of elements which is most sensible structurally is accepted an architecture accommodated to it. The possibilities offered by the structural system were fully exploited to produce spaces of greater variety

Willis Faber and Dumas Office Building

The structures capabilities fully exploited in the creation of the curvilinear plan, provision of large wallfree space in the interior and cantilevering of the floor slabs beyond the perimeters walls

Chrysler Building, 1930

A multi-story steel frame with a more conventional architectural treatment Making use of preexisting architectural vocabulary Owes it is originality to the structural technology upon which it depends

STRUCTURE IGNORED
Structure ignored in the form-making process and not forming part of the aesthetic program Development of the structural technologies of steel and reinforced concrete has provided opportunities at least to a preliminary stage of the process without considering how they will be supported or constructed This freedom is as the result of the contributions of structural technology to architecture, liberating the architects from the earlier constraint imposed on them

STRUCTURE IGNORED
Previously, the form of most of the buildings was relatively straightforward from structural point of view-based on the geometry of post and beam framework The design and the construction of very complex forms was laborious and costly, thus inhibiting the full exploitation of the potential offered by these materials.

NOTRE DAME-DU-HAUT 1954

The upwardly curving over-sailing roof is formed by a thin shell of reinforced concrete which conceals an integral and conventional post-andbeam reinforced concrete framework

NOTRE DAME-DU-HAUT 1954

Reinforced concrete columns of small cross section are embedded in the masonry walls in a regular grid and beams span across the building

STRUCTURE IGNORED
Introduction of the computer in the late twentieth century as a tool of structural analysis and as a design aid which allowed very complex forms to be described and cutting and fabricating process to be controlled was a major factor in the introduction of very complex geometries.

GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM, 1997

GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM, 1997

The choice of titanium and the creation of the design involving fluid forms, was made possible by the state-ofthe-art 3D design computer program, Catia, initially conceived by the aerospace industry.

GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM, 1997

The program provides the ability to engage in sculptural exploration while maintaining the geometry and the constructability, something which was impossible with conventional 2D modeling

DIAMOND RANCH HIGH SCHOOL, 2000

Materials selected, Corrugated metal, Steel, Concrete, are both low maintenance, economic and durable, with a focus on vandal -proof fixtures and surfaces.