Vedic Maths1@July2007

Vedas one of the oldest Books
Vedas are among the oldest literatures of mankind. mankind. Several millennium years BC Vedas contain Science, Maths, Astronomy, Psychology, Religion, Poetry, Philosophy and many more. Vedas do not denigrade human beings as Heathens & Kafirs. It does not talk of Crusades, Jihads, Gazi etc. They talk of Universal Happiness, Love and Peace.
Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda
Ancient Books of Vedic Knowledge

4 Vedas
y Rig
6 Vedangas
y Siksha (Phonetics) y Vyakarana (Grammer)
4 Upa Vedas
y Ayurveda (Charak Samhita)
4 Upangas
y Mimamsa (Jaimini)
y Yajur
y Chhandas (Metres)
y Dhanurveda (Vishwamitra)
y Nyaya (Rishi Gautam)
y Sama
y Niruktam y Gandharva Veda (Bharat (Etymology Muni) origin of words) y Jyotisham (AstronomyEye of Ved) y Stapathya Veda & Artha Shastra (Bhrugu Ved Vyas)
y Puranas (Ved Vyas)
y Atharva
y Dharma Shastras (Manu, Parashar, Yajnavalkya etc)

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y Kalpam (ceremonieslimbs of Ved) Noble Thoughts come from all Let

directions. Rig Veda
JYOTISHJYOTISH-SHASTRA
Jyotis-Sashtra Surya Bhagwan Taught Mayan Aryabhatta, Varahamihir, Bhaskaracharya
Sidhanta Skanda Vyakta Ganit Avyakta Ganit Sameekaran
Hora Skanda Horoscope 12 Zodiac Signs

Samhita Skanda Sagunas, Nimitta Scents

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Vedic Physics Measurement of Length

8 Paramanu = 1 Trasarenu 8 Trasarenu = 1 Renu 8 Renu = 1 Balagna 8 Balagna = 1 Likhya 8 Likhya = 1 Yuka 8 Yuka = 1 Yava 8 Yava = 1 Angula 24 Angula = 1 Hasta 4 Hasta = 1 Danda 2000 Danda = 1 Krosha 4 Krosha = 1 Yojana 1 Danada = 1 Metre 1Angula = 1.0416 cm Circumference of earth - Sulva Sidhanta and Modern Science are same 4.02x107 Danda 4 X 107 Metre
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Vedic Physics Measurement of Mass

10 16 32 48 Krishnala = 1 Maasha Maasha = 1 Suvarna Pala (Gold Pala) Maasha = 1 Raupya Pala (Silver Pala) Maasha = 1 Lauha Pala (Iron Pala)
Many other Forms of Weight were also in usage
Vedic Physics Temperature (Linka)

1 Pralinka = 1 Padakakshya 4 Pada Kakshya = 1 Kakshya 6 Kakshya = 1 Linka = 0.885o C = 3.54o C = 21.24o C
113 Pada Kakshya = Boiling Pt of water = 100o C
101 Kakshya = Boiling Pt of Mercury = 357o C 50 Linka = Boiling Point of Gold = 1062o C
* The temp between Freezing Pt of Water and

Melting Pt of Gold is divided into 50 Linkas
Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda 6
Vedic Physics Measurement of Time

Vedic Units of Time (a) Smaller Units of Time TRUTI = 33,750th fraction of a second is the smallest unit of time 100 Truti =1 Tatpara 45 Tatpara =1 Nimesha 30 Nimesha =1 Prana = 4 secs 3 Nimesh =1 Vipala = 0.4 seconds 60 Vipalas =1 Pala = 24 seconds 60 Palas =1 Ghatika = 24 Minutes 60 Ghatikas =1 Divas = 1 day or 24 Hours 7 Divas = 1 Saptah = 1 week 15 Divas = 1 Paksha = 1 Fortnight 2 Paksha = 1 Maas = 1 Month 2 Maas = 1 Ritu = 1 Season 6 Maas = 1 Ayana (Uttarayan & Dakshinayan) 6 Ritu = 2 Ayanas = 12 Maas = 1 Varsha = 1 Year 12 Years = 1 Kumbha 60 Years = Sashtiyapta Purti 100 Years = 1 Shatabda 10 Shatabda = 1 Sahasrabda = 1 Millenium = 1,000 years

Vedic Units of Time (b) Higher Units of Time
432 Sahasrabda = 2 Yug =1 3 Yug =1 4 Yug =1 10 Yug =1 1 Kali Yug or Yug Dwapar Yug Treta Yug Satya Yug Maha Yug = = = = = 432,000 years 864,000 years 1296,000 years 1728,000 years 4.32 Million Years
1000 Maha Yug = 1 Kalpa = 4.32 Billion Years = Morning of Brahma 2 Kalpa = 1 Day of Brahma = 2,000 Maha Yug = 8.64 Billion Years 360 Days of Brahma = 1 Year of Brahma = 3110.4 Billion Years = 3.1104 Trillion Years 1 Maha Kalpa or Brahma Ayu = 100 Years of Brahma = 311.04 Trillion Years = 3.1104 X 1014 Solar Years = 311,040,000,000,000 solar years.
Thus the Vedic Seers had thought of the smallest and the largest units of time namely, TRUTI , the smallest Unit of Time = 33,750th part of a Second
Maha Kalpa or Brahma Ayu,
311,040,000,000,000 solar years, years, the largest Unit of Time

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Vedic Units of Time Other Fractions of time 2 Ghatkas = 1 Muhurta 60 Ghatikas = 30 Muhurtas 2.5 Ghatikas = 1 Hora 2 Paksas = 1 Maas - Shukla Paksha - Krishna Paksha 12 Maas: Months Chaitra, Vaishakh Shravan Bhadrapad Margasheersh Paush 6 Ritus Seasons Vasant, Sharad, = 48 Minutes = 1 Day = 1 Hour = 1 Month (Bright Half of Moon) (Dark Half of Moon) Jyeshtha Ashwin Maagh Ashaadh Kartik Falgun
Gresshma, Hemant, Uttarayan
Varsha, Sishir Dakshinayan
2 Ayanas
Vedic Physics Speed of Light 1300 AD Sayanacharya

PM of Vijayanagar Emperor Bukka I
Speed of Light
2,202 Yojanas in half Nimesha = 186,536 miles per second
West only in 17 century !!
Quotes on Vedic Sciences

From the Vedas (ancient Indian Scriptures), we learn a practical art of surgery, medicine, music, house building under which mechanised art is included. included. They are encyclopedia of every aspect of life, culture, religion, science, ethics, law, cosmology and meteorology. meteorology.
Sir William Jones (1746-1794) 1746Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda 11
Quotes on Indian Mathematics

We owe a lot to Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made. made.
Albert Einstein
Vedic Mathematics
It was India that gave us the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by means of ten symbols (Decimal System) System) a profound and important idea which escaped the genius of Archimedes and Apollonius, two of the greatest men produced by antiquity. antiquity. Laplace
French Astronomer and Mathematician 1749- 1827 1749Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda 13
Tatitreeya Samhita 7-2-20-1 7- 20in 100 BCE 1 10 100 103 105 107 109 1011 1013 1015 Ekam Dasham Shatam Sahasram Lakshaha Kotihi Ayutam Niyutam Kankaram Vivaram 1017 1019 1021 1023 1025 1027 1029 1031 1033 Parardhaha Nivaahaha Utsangaha Bahulam Naagbaalaha Titilambham
Vyavasthaana
Pragnaptihi Hetuheelam Karahuhu

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Tatitreeya Samhita 7-2-20-1 7- 20in 100 BCE

1035 1037 1039 1041 1043 1045 1047 1049 1051 1053 Hetvindreeyam
Samaapta lambhaha
Gananaagatihi Niravadyam Mudraabaalam Sarvabaalam Vishamagnagatihi Sarvagnaha Vibhtangamaa Tallaakshanam
In Anuyogdwaar Sutra 100 BCE one numeral is raised as high as 10140 The highest prefix used for raising 10 to a power in
Todays Maths is
D for 1030
Mathematical Puzzles
1 Rupee = 100 Paise = 10 X 10 Paise = 1/10 Re X 1/10 Re = 1/100 Re = 1 Paise 1 Rupee = 100 Paise 1 Rupee = 100 Paise
= 10 Paise
1 Rupee = 100 Paise Rupee = 100/4 = 25 Paise 1/4 Re = Re = 5 Paise

1. Ram, Bharat and Laxman are standing one behind the other. There are 3 other. black and 2 white caps in the room behind them. Vasishtha brings 3 them. caps and places on their heads. Bharat and Laxman cannot guess the heads. color of the cap on their heads. But Ram guesses it. How? heads. it. Some birds on a tree saw a few flowers in the pond beneath. They flew beneath. and sat one on each flower. One bird did not find a flower. They then sat flower. flower. 2 birds to a flower, one flower remained extra. How many birds and extra. flowers were there? There are 9 balls of identical size and weight. But one of them being weight. defective weighs a few grams less. Using a balance only twice, how will less. you identify the defective ball? There are 10 bags with coins in them. All the coins weigh 10 grams them. each. each. One of the bags contains coins with only 9 grams each. Using a each. weighing machine only once, how will you identify which bag contains the defective coins? There are 10 liters of milk in a can. There are also 3 liter and 7 liter can. empty measuring jars. Without using any other vessel how will you jars. divide the milk into 5 liters. liters.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. A temple in a village has 3 shrines, for Lord Ganesh ji, Lord Vishnu ji and Lord Shiva ji. The temple priest generally plucks ji. 24 flowers from a the temple tree and offers 8 flowers to each of the deity while doing puja. On a particular rainy day he could puja. not find enough flowers to do the puja. He therefore dipped the puja. flowers in a well once. They became double. He then did the once. double. puja in Ganesh jis shrine with 8 flowers, dipped the remaining flowers in holy water, the flowers became double, performed the puja in Lord Vishnu jis shrine, dipped the remaining flowers in the holy water for the third time. The flowers once again became time. twice the amount and now he completed the puja at the shrine of Lord Shiva ji. Lo there were no flowers left. How many flowers ji. left. did the priest pluck from the tree? At one cross-road junction, one road goes to Bangalore and the crossother road leads to Chennai. At the junction there are two Chennai. persons selling tea and snacks, one who always tells truth and the other always tells lies. To any question asked they will say lies. "YES" or "NO". By asking just one question to any one person, "NO". how to find the right choice to reach Bangalore. What could be Bangalore. that question?
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. A temple in a village has 3 shrines, for Lord Ganesh ji, Lord Vishnu ji and Lord Shiva ji. The temple priest generally plucks 24 flowers from a the temple tree and offers 8 flowers to each of the deity while doing puja. On a particular rainy day he could not find enough flowers to do the puja. He therefore dipped the flowers in a well once. They became double. He then did the puja in Ganesh jis shrine with 8 flowers, dipped the remaining flowers in holy water, the flowers became double, performed the puja in Lord Vishnu jis shrine, dipped the remaining flowers in the holy water for the third time. The flowers once again became twice the amount and now he completed the puja at the shrine of Lord Shiva ji. Lo there were no flowers left. How many flowers did the priest pluck from the tree? At one cross-road junction, one road goes to Bangalore and the other road leads to Chennai. At crossthe junction there are two persons selling tea and snacks, one who always tells truth and the other always tells lies. To any question asked they will say "YES" or "NO". By asking just one question to any one person, how to find the right choice to reach Bangalore. What could be that question? Ram, Bharat and Laxman are standing one behind the other. There are 3 black and 2 white caps in the room behind them. Vasishtha brings 3 caps and places on their heads. Bharat and Laxman cannot guess the color of the cap on their heads. But Ram guesses it. How? Some birds on a tree saw a few flowers in the pond beneath. They flew and sat one on each flower. One bird did not find a flower. They then sat 2 birds to a flower, one flower remained extra. How many birds and flowers were there? There are 9 balls of identical size and weight. But one of them being defective weighs a few grams less. Using a balance only twice, how will you identify the defective ball? There are 10 bags with coins in them. All the coins weigh 10 grams each. One of the bags contains coins with only 9 grams each. Using a weighing machine only once, how will you identify which bag contains the defective coins? There are 10 liters of milk in a can. There are also 3 liter and 7 liter empty measuring jars. Without using any other vessel how will you divide the milk into 5 liters.
8.
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Multiplying by 5
Case 1: Case 2: All Even Digits Odd and Even Digits {last Digit is even} Odd and Even Digits {last Digit is odd, including all odd digits}
Case 3:
Multiplying by 5 All Even Digits

Step 1: Step 2: Divide by 2 Add a Zero
Example: 5 x 4 Step 1: Divide 4 by 2 = Step 2: Add Zero = Example: 5 x 12 =
2 20 6/0 = 60
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Multiplying by 5 All Even Digits

Example: 5 X 2 4 6 Step 1: (Divide 246 by 2) =1 2 3 Step 2: (Add Zero) 0 Answer is 1230 Solve: 5X4820 5X24824 5X4800066 5X6222480
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Solve: 5X286 5X464844 5X20046824 5X80640682
Multiplying by 5 Even and Odd Digits (Last Digit Even)

Example: 5 X 2 3 6 Step 1 : Put a dot below all odd numbers Step 2 : Subtract one from all odd Digits to make them EVEN and
write this Even Digit above the Odd Digit
Step 3 : Carry Forward this one to the Digit on the Right of the Odd Digit Step 4 : Divide each Digit by 2 and Add Zero

Example: 5 X 2 3 6 9 4 Step 1 : Put a dot below all odd numbers
2 3.. 6 9.. 4
write this Even Digit above the Odd Digit
Step 2 : Subtract one from all odd Digits to make them EVEN and
2 23.. 6 89.. 4
Multiplying by 5 Even and Odd Digits (Last Digit Even) Step 3 : Carry Forward this one to the Digit on the Right of the Odd Digit
Step 4 :
2 23. 16 89. 14
Divide each Digit by 2 and Add Zero
118470
Answer
25
Solve 5X234 5X20304 5X2003004 5X4356778 5X12345678

Multiplying by 5 All Odd Digits
Example : Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 :
357 Subtract one from all Odd Digits and make them Even Carry forward this one to the Digit on Right side Divide by 2 and add
5
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Example :
Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 :
357
Subtract one from all Odd Digits and make them Even
246
Carry forward this one to the Digit on Right side
2 14 16
Divide by 2 and add 5
1785
Answer
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Solve 5X 3579 5X 9753 5X 13079 5X 3055 77 5 X 999 777 555 5 X 303 507 7009
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Multiplying by 5 Any Number

Solve 5X 2358 5X 123056 5X 23456789 5X 123456789 5X 987654321
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MATHEMATICIAN TIME PERIOD

Baudhayana (700 B.C.E. 1st to explain Pythagoras Theorem) Theorem) Apastamba (600) Katyayana (500) Umaswati (150 B.C.E.)

Aryabhata (476-c. 550 C.E.) (476Varahamihira (c. 505-c. 558) 505Brahmagupta (c. 598-c. 670) 598Govindaswami (c. 800-850) 800 Mahavira (Mahaviracharya) (850)


Pruthudakaswami (850) Sridhara (900) Manjula (930) Aryabhata II (950) Prashastidhara (958) Halayudha (975) Jayadeva (1000)

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Sripathi (1039) Hemachandra Suri (b. 1089) Bhaskara (1114-c. 1185) (1114 Cangadeva (1205) Madhava of Sangamagramma (c. 13401340-1425) Narayama Pandit (1350) Paramesvara (1360-1455) (1360 Nilakantha Somayaji (1455-1555) (1455

Sankara Variar (c. 1500-1560) 1500Narayana (c. 1500-1575) 1500 Jyesthadeva (550) Acyuta Pisarati (c. 1550-1621) 1550Putumana Somayaji (c. 1660-1740) 1660Jaganath Pandit (1700) Sankara Varman (1800)

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What is Vedic Mathematics?

It is an ancient technique, which simplifies multiplication, divisibility, complex numbers, squaring, cubing, square and cube roots. Even recurring decimals and auxiliary fractions can be handled by Vedic mathematics. It is useful in Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, Solving of Equations, Calculus and in most branches of modern Maths.
Who Brought Vedic Maths to limelight?

The subject was revived largely due to the efforts of Jagadguru Swami Bharathikrishna Tirthaji of Govardhan Peeth, Puri Jaganath (1884-1960). Having researched the subject for years, even his efforts would have gone in vain but for the enterprise of some disciples who took down notes during his last days. That resulted in the book, Vedic Mathematics, in the 1960s.
These are now available in a book called

VEDIC MATHEMATICS by H.H. Jagadguru Swami Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaj. Publishers Motilal Banarasidass, Bunglow Road, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi 110 007; or Chowk, Varanasi (UP); or Ashok Raj Path, Patna, (Bihar)
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To Purchase Book Vedic Mathematics

VEDIC MATHEMATICS by H.H. Jagadguru Swami Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaj. Publishers: Motilal Banarasidass, Bunglow
Road, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi 110 007; or
Chowk, Varanasi (UP); or Ashok Raj Path, Patna, (Bihar)
Available in leading Book-shops in major cities in Bharat. Rs. 125/- Paper Back Rs. 250/- Bound Volume
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To Purchase Book Vedic Mathematics

Introduction to VEDIC MATHEMATICS Volume I and II by V.G. Unkalkar and S.Seshachala Rao. Publishers: Dandeli Education Society,
Bangurnagar, Dandeli (UK) 581 325, Karnataka.
Available in leading Book-shops in Bangalore. Rs. 50/- each volume
Square of Numbers
Yavd Unena, Tavad Unikrut, Vargam Cha Yojayet As much the Difference So much further Difference Square the Difference
Case 1: Numbers near the Base 10, 100, 1000

Case 2 : Numbers near the base 20, 30, 40, 200, 300, 400, 700, 900, .
Square of Numbers Near the Base 100, 1000 etc

Example: 98 x 98 - 02 Step 1: Difference from 100 is
Step 2: So much Further Difference means subtract 02 from 98 which is 98 - 02 = 96 Step 3: Square the Difference ie 02 x 02 = 04 Step 4: Answer is 96 04
40

Example: 96 x 96 - 04 Step 1: Difference from 100 is
Step 2: So much Further Difference means subtract 04 from 96 which is 96 - 04 = 92 Step 3: Square the Difference ie 04 x 04 = 16 Step 4: Answer is 92 16
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Example: 103 X 103 Step 1: Step 2: Difference from 100 is + 03
So much Further Difference means ADD 03 to 103 which is 103 + 03 = 106 Square the Difference ie 03 x 03 = 09 Answer is 106 09
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Step 3: Step 4:

Solve 97 X 97 89 X 89 101 X 101 109 X 109 999 X 999 1005 X 1005 95 X 95 88 X 88 105 X 105 111 X 111 995 X 995 1012 X 1012
92 X 92 91 X 91 106 X 106 112 X 112 991 X 991 9999 X 9999

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Square of Numbers Near the Base 20, 30, 70 etc

Example: 22 X 22 Step 1: Step 2: Difference from 20 is +2
So much Further Difference means add 2 to 22 which is 22 + 2 = 24 Multiply by base 2 ie 24 x 2 = 48 Square the Difference ie 2x2 = 4 Answer is 48 / 4 = 484
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Step 3: Step 4: Step 5:
Square of Numbers Near the Base 20, 30, 70 etc

Example: 79 X 79 Step 1: Step 2: Difference from 80 is = 624 1 -1
So much Further Difference means Subtract 1 from 79 which is 79 1 = 78 Multiply by base 8 ie 78 x 8 = 624 Square the Difference ie 1x1 = 1 Answer is 624 / 1 6241
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Square of Numbers
Near the Base 200, 300, 700 etc
Example: 799 X 799 Step 1: Step 2: Difference from 800 is = 6384 01 - 01
So much Further Difference means Subtract 01 from 799 which is 799 01 = 798 Multiply by base 8 ie 798 x 8 = 6384 Square the Difference ie 01 x 01 = 01 Answer is 6384 / 01 = 638,401
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Quotes on Mathematics
Bhaskaras (1120 A.D.)
Cakravaal method is beyond all praise; praise; it is certainly the finest thing achieved in the theory of numbers before Lagrange. Lagrange.
Hankel, Germany
Are the countrymen of Bhaskara and Sankaracharya inferior to those of Newton and Darwin?
Sister Nivedita
"... the world owes most to India in the realm of mathematics, which was developed to a stage more advanced than that reached by any other nation of antiquity. The success of antiquity. Indian mathematics was mainly due to the fact that Indians had a clear conception of the abstract number (Algebra) as distinct from the numerical quantity of objects or spatial extension. extension."
The Wonder That was India Australian Indologist A.L. Basham

The Theorem of Pythogorus was known to the ancient Indian mathematicians in all its generalities. generalities. The much travelled Pythogorus probably got this theorem from India and publicised it all over the world. world.
Burke
(A German Historian of Maths)49
To Multiply by 11
Clue: Add adjacent numbers write the the first and last digit as they are Add two adjacent digits from the right and fill the gaps Carry forward 1 if need be to the left Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
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To Multiply by 11 No Carry Forward

Example: 11 X 24
Step 1: write the the first and last digits as they are Step 2: 2 N 4 Add two adjacent digits from the right and fill the gaps 2 6 4 (2 + 4 = 6)
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To Multiply by 11
Example: 11 X 17 Step 1: write the the first and last digits as they are Step 2: 1 N 7 Add two adjacent digits from the right and fill the gaps 1 8 7 (1 + 7 = 8)
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To Multiply by 11 Solve any five: 11 11 X 11 X 11 X 11 X X 22 27 44 62 81 11 11 X 11 X 11 X 11 X X 33 36 54 72 71

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To Multiply by 11 Carry Forward

Example:11 X 38 Here 3 + 8 = 11. Hence Carry forward Step 1: write the the first and last digits as they are Step 2: Add 3 N 8 two adjacent digits from the right and fill the gaps 4 1 8 (3 + 8 = 11)
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To Multiply by 11 Carry Forward
Solve any five: 11 X 29 11 X 39 11 X 48 11 X 68 11 X 99 11 X 88 11 X 76 11 X 67 11 X 85 11 X 58

To Multiply by 11 3 or more Digits

Example: 11 X 2 3 4
Step 1: write the the first and last digits as they are 2 N M 4 Add two adjacent digits from the right and fill the gaps Step 2:
2 5 7 4 (2 + 3 & 3 + 4)
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To Multiply by 11 3 or more Digits

Example: 11 X 2 6 2 3 4
Step 1: write the the first and last digits as they are 2 N M P Q 4 Add two adjacent digits from the right and fill the gaps Step 2:
2 8 8 5 7 4
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To Multiply by 11 3 or more Digits with Carry Forward

Example: 11 X 2 8 1 9 4
Step 1: write the the first and last digits as they are 2 N M P Q 4 Add two adjacent digits from the right and fill the gaps
Step 2:
3 1 0 1 3 4
To Multiply by 11 Carry Forward Solve any five: 11 11 11 11 11 X X X X X 2709 45318 8272 72635 987654 11 11 11 11 11 X X X X X 3509 62815 9292 1234567 9080706
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Vedic Mathematics
Vedic Mathematics is an ancient system of mathematics originated in India. Sankracharya Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaja rediscovered Vedic Mathematics between 1911 and 1918. This knowledge was passed down by oral tradition until writing was invented. The Vedic system methods are not only simple and comprehensible but inspiring to interested students. With the Vedic system one can solve difficult problems and huge sums immediately. In fact, Vedic Mathematics has formulae and techniques for almost every field of Mathematics. The entire Vedic Mathematics system consists of hundreds of tricks that students can use throughout their educational career. They are further divided into 16 sutras and 14 sub-sutras. subLet Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda 60
16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Sutras
Ekadhikena Purvena Nikhilam Navata scaramam Darsatah Urdhva Tiryagbhyam Paravartya Yojayet Sunyam Samyasamucchaye Anurupye Sunyamanyat SankalanaSankalana-vyavkalanabhyam Puranpuranabhyam ChalanaChalana-Kalanabhyam Yavdunam Vyastisamastih Sesanyankena Charmena Sopantyadyaym Uantyam Ekanyunena Purvena Gunitasamuchachayah Let Noble Thoughts come from all Gunaksamuchchayah directions. Rig Veda
61
SubSub-Sutras
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Anurupyena Sisyate Sesasamjnah Adyamadyenantyamantyena Kevalaih Saptakam Gunyat Vestanam Yavdunam Tavdunam Yavdunam Tavdunam Varganchya Yojayet Antyayordasakepi Antyayoreva Samuchchyagunitah Lopanasthapanabhyam Vilokanam Gunitsamuchchayah Samuchchayagunitah Dhvajanka
General Multiplication
Sutra is URDHVA TIRYAK Vertical and Cross-wise General Multiplication of 2 digits, 3 digits, more digits
General Multiplication of 2 digits

1 2 X 1 3
X
6 5 1
(vertically multiplying 2 and 3 both are units)
Answer: Unit Place :
Tens place:
Cross- multiply 1X3 + 1X2 ie 3 + 2 = 5
Hundred Place: Hence answer is
(Vertically multiply 1 and 1 which both are in tens place)
1 5 6
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General Multiplication of 2 digits Solve any Five:

12 X 13 14 X 23 26 X 51 27 X 52 22 X 13 45 X 45 34 X 43 35 X 45 22 x 23 17 X 11 16 X 41 24 X 42
65

1 2 1 X 1 3 2
X *X
Answer: Unit Place : Tens place:
2 7 9 5 1 15,972
Cross- multiply 1X3 + 2X2 ie 3 + 4 = 7
Hundred Place:
(Vertically & Cross multiply 1X2 + 1X1 + 2X3
Thousand Place:
(Cross multiply 1X3 + 1X2
Ten Thousand Place:
(Vertically multiply 1X1
The Answer is:
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1 9 9 X 1 3 2
this is same as
___ - 2 _ - 3 4 1 =
_ 2 0 1
x 1 3 2
X *X
Answer: Unit Place :
Tens place: Hundred Place: Thousand Place: Ten Thousand Place:
3 6
2 6 3 0 0
2 - 32
2 6, 2 6 8
Pl note that all big digits like can be transformed into small digits when subtracted from 10 to
6, 7, 8, 9 _ _ _ _ 4, 3, 2, 1
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Quotes on Astronomy
There
were very advanced Hindu astronomers in 600 B.C. The Vedas contain an account of the dimensions of Earth, Sun, Moon, Planets and Galaxies. Galaxies.
Emmelin
in
Plunret,
Calendars and Constellation

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To Create Tables for 9, 19, 29, .99 etc

9 is 19 is 99 is 10 1 20 1 100 1 = = = _ 1 1 _ 2 1 _ 10 1
And so on..
To Create Tables for 9

X9 _ 1 1
1X9 2X9 3X9 4X9 5X9 6X9 7X9 8X9 9X9 10 X 9 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Here 9 is
_ 11 09 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 09 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90
10 - 1
70

X19 _ 2 1
1X19 2X19 8 3X19 4X19 5X19 5 6X19 4 7X19 3 8X19 2 9X19 1 10 X 19 1 9 3 7 6 9 11 13 15 17 0
Here 19 is
_ 21 19 38 5 7 95 11 4 13 3 15 2 17 1 19 0 19 0
20-1
19 57 76
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X29 _ 3 1
1X29 2X29 3X29 4X29 5X29 5 6X29 4 7X29 3 8X29 2 9X29 1 10 X 29 2 9 8 7 6 ? ? ? ? ? 0
Here 29 is
_ 31 29 5? 8? 11? 14? 17? 20? 23? 26? 290 29 5 8 8 7 11 6 14 5 17 4 20 3 23 2 26 1 290
30-1
Pl. Complete this
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Create Tables for 39 199 49 59 999 69 79 etc 89 99 109
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Ekadhikena Purvena
Ekadhikena Purvena means By One More Than the Previous One. This formula is commonly used in multiplication and division. The Ekadhikena Purvena can also be used to square certain numbers ending in 5 or where the sum of the ones digits is 10. For example, use the Ekadhikena Purvena to square the number 135. Example 1: Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: 95 x 95 = ?
Multiply the last digits of the numbers. 5 x 5 = 25 Multiply the previous by one more than itself. 9 x (9 + 1) = 9 x 10 = 90 Put these numbers together. 9,025
Example 2: 135 x 135 = ? Step 1: Multiply the last digits of the numbers. 5 x 5 = 25 Step 2: Multiply the previous by one more than itself. 13 x (13 + 1) = 13 x 14= 182 Step 3: Put these numbers together. 18,225 Example 3: 133 x 137 = ? Step 1: Multiply the last digits of the numbers. 3 x 7 = 21 Step 2: Multiply the previous by one more than itself. 13 x (13 + 1) = 13 x 14= 182 Step 3: Put these numbers together. 18,221 Let Noble Thoughts come from all
74
directions. Rig Veda
Sunyam Samyasamucchaye
Sunyam Samyasamuchchaye means If the Samuccaye is the same, it is zero. Under this sutra there are many formulae you can use in the branch of Algebra. Below, I will show two examples of the Sunyam Samyasamucchaye. Example 1: 7x + 5 = 9x + 7 9x 5 7x +17 In this case, the numerator of the first part of the equation plus the numerator of the second part is equal to the denominator of the first part plus the denominator of the second part, (7x + 5) + (9x + 7) = (9x 5) + (7x +17) 16x + 12 = 16x + 12 According to the sutra, if both sides of the equation are equal, you can conclude that either side is equal to zero. Therefore 16x + 12 = 0 16x = -12 x = -3/4 Example 2: 16x 3 = 2x - 15 7x + 7 11x - 25 (16x 3) + (2x 15) = (7x + 7) + (11x - 25) 18x 18 = 18x 18 18x 18 = 0 18x = 18 x = 1
75
Urdhva Tiryagbhyam
Urdhva Tiryagbhyam means Vertically and Crosswise. This sutra is commonly used for the multiplication of two positive integers with any number of digits. By this method, you can multiply any two numbers that have the same number of digits. Example 1: 37 x 33 = ? Step 1: Write 33 under 37 37 33 Step 2: Multiply the left most column and write it below. 37 33 9 Step 3: Multiply diagonally and add. (3 x 3) + (3 x 7) = 9 + 21 = 30 Since 30 is a 2 digit number, I keep the last digit, 0, next to 9 and put the tens digit below 9. 37 33 90 3 Step 4: Multiply the right most column and put the ones digit next to 0 and the tens digit below 0. 7 x 3 = 21 37 33 901 32_ Step 5: Add the two numbers you have left. 901 + 320 Let Noble Thoughts come from all 1221 directions. Rig Veda
76
Paravartya Yojayet
Paravartya Yojayet means Transpose and Apply. This sutra is mainly used in solving simultaneous simple equations. With the Paravartya Yojayet you can solve for x and y instantly in your mind. Example 1: 2x + 3y = 8 4x + 5y = 14 Step 1: For the value of x, start by cross multiplying the y-coefficients with the constants. 3 x 14 = 42 8 x 5 = 40 Step 2: Subtract these values. 42 40 = 2. This is the numerator for the value x. Step 3: Now cross multiply the coefficients of x and y. But start with 3 x 4, not 2 x 5. 3 x 4 = 12 2 x 5 = 10 12 10 = 2. This is the denominator of x. x = 2/2 = 1 Step 4: To get y, repeat the above steps, but replace the coefficients of y with the coefficients of x. y = (32 28)/(12 10) = 2
77
Multiplying Numbers Near a Base

Once while working on Vedic Mathematics, I could not find any simple method to multiple two numbers equidistant from a common base. So while working along with my son, I discovered a very simple and easy method to do that. Here is how it works. Example 1: 56 x 64 = ? Step 1: Both 56 and 64 are near a common base 60. 56 + 4 = 60 60 4 = 60 Step 2: Multiply 60 x 60 instead of 56 x 64. 60 x 60 = 3600 We are not at our answer yet. Step 3. Subtract 42 from 3600. 42 or 4 x 4 = 16 3600 16 = 3584 (Answer) Example 2: 77 x 83 = ? Step 1: Both 77 and 83 are near 80 Step 2: Multiply 80 x 80 instead of 77 x 83. 80 x 80 = 6400 Step 3: Subtract 32 from 6400. 6400 9 = 6391 (Answer)
78
Nikhilam Navatashcaramam Dashatah

This formula is used in special cases on multiplication. The meaning of this sloka is all from nine and last from ten. Lets compute the square of a number. Step 1. Find the nearest base from the number, i.e, 10, 100. Step 2. If the number is less than the base, take the deficiency from the base. If the number is greater than the base take the surplus. Step 3. The square of the number = (number -/+ deficiency / surplus) (square of deficiency/surplus) Examples : Number = 8 base = 10, deficiency = 2. Put these in the formula above square of 8 = (8 - 2) (square of 2) = 64 Number = 105 base = 100, surplus = 5 square of 105 = (105 + 5) (square of 5) = 11025
of
the
number
79
Multiplications of Numbers Near Base

Let's do 899x995, 45x47, 12x14. You are right it's hard without calculator. But using Vedic math you can do it on your finger tips. Here is how it works. Select a base close to the numbers. Do cross subtraction/addition depending upon deficiency or surplus respectively. Then multiply the deficiencies or surpluses. In case of half base devide the the first part of the answer by 2. 899 -101 45 - 05(base/2 50) 12 + 2 995 - 005 47 - 03 14 + 4 --------------------------------------------884, 505 42, 15 =>2115 16, 8
Multiplication by 11, 111, 111

Put the sum of the two digits in between those two digits to get the result. 24 x 11 = 2 ( 2 + 4 ) 4 = 2 ( 6 ) 4 = 264 85 x 11 = 8 ( 8 + 5 ) 5 = 8 ( 13 ) 5 = 935 Lets take three digits number and multiply by 11. Put the sum of the first two digits after first digit and sum of the last two digits before last digit. 243 x 11 = 2 ( 2 + 4 ) ( 4 + 3 ) 3 = 2673
Dividing by 9
The first digit is the quotient and the sum of the two digits is the remainder. 25 / 9 = 2 remainder ( 2 + 5 ) = 2 remainder 7 51 / 9 = 5 remainder 6 Lets take three digit number. The sum first two digit is the quotient and the sum of the three digits is the remainder. 259 / 9 = 27 remainder 16 = 28 remainder 7
80
Dividing by 19, 29, --99 etc
1st Example - 1 Divided by 19, 29, 39, . 129 etc

To Divide 1 by numbers ending in 9 like 1 divided by 19, 29, 39, .. 119 etc. Some of these numbers like 19, 29, 59 are prime numbers and so cannot be factorised and division becomes all the more difficult and runs into many pages in the present conventional method and the chances of making mistakes are many. The Vedic Solution is obtained by applying the Sutra (theorem) Ekadhikena Purvena which when translated means
One more than the Previous

Take for example 1 divided by 19. In the divisor 19, the previous is 1 and the factor is obtained by adding 1 to it which is 2. Similarly when we have to divide by 29, 39, 119 the factors shall be 3,4, 12 respectively. (Add 1 to the previous term in the divisor). After this divide 1 by the factor in a typical Vedic way and the answer is obtained in 1 step. Thus
1 divided by 19
0.0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1
(18 Digits)
1 divided by 29 =
0.0 3 4 4 8 2 7 5 8 6 2 0 6 8 9 6 5 5 1 7 2 4 1 3 7 9 3 1 (28 Digits)
81
Multiplier-digits consist entirely of nines

The Sutra : Ekanyunena Purvena, one less 777 multiplied by 999 = 776,223 * 776 is one less than multiplicand 777 223 is the compliment (PURAK) of 776 from 999)
120 35 79 multiplied by 999 99 99 = 120 35 78, 879 64 21 =
1234 5678 09 multiplied 9999 9999 99 1234 5678 08 8765 4321 91

Such multiplications come up in advanced astronomy.
82

Solve any Five 45 X 99 123 X 999 9876 X 9999 97531 X 99999 54 X 99 234 X 999 9753 X 9999 24608 X 99999 99 X 99 999 X 999 8502 X 9999 10203 X 99999
135 792 468 X 999 999 999


Special Case when number of 9 in the multiplier is MORE than those of multiplicand 35 X 999 = 34/9 65 = 34 965 135 X 99 999 = 134/99 865 = 13499,865 97531 X999 99999 = 97530/999 02469 Special Case when number of 9 in the multiplier is LESS than those of multiplicand 1 35 X 99 = 134 {-1}/ 65 = 133 65 13 579 X 999 = 13 578 {-13} / 421 = 13 565 421 2 222 X999 = 2, 221 {-2}/ 778 = 2 219 778
84
Algebraic Divisions
Sutra: Divide (X 2)/2 Paravartya Yojayet (12 x2 8x 32) by 12x2 - 8x -32 +24x + 32 -------------------------12x + 16 Divide 7 x2 + 5x + 3 Divide 7 x2 + 5x + 3 Divide x3 + 7 x2 + 6x + 5 by by by x1 x+1 x2 x2 x 1 R=0 R = 15 R=5 R = 53 Transpose and Apply (x - 2), factor is +2
Q = 7x + 12 Q = 7x 2 Q = x2 + 9x + 24 Factors are x + 1 R = 5x + 7
Divide x4 x3+ x2 + 3x +5 by 2 + 0x + 2 Q=x Divide 6x4 + 13 x3 + 39 x2 + 37x + 45 Factors 2x + 9
by 2 + 25x + 143 Q=6x
x2 2x 9
R = 548x + 1332
85
Algebraic Divisions
Division Divide x4 + x2 + 1 x4 + 0 x3 + x2 + 0x + 1 Q = x2 + x + 1 1234 by 112 by x2 x +1 (add 0 x3 & 0x) Factors are: x-1 R=0 Factors -1 2 Q = 11 R=2
Divide Divide
1 3 4 5 6 by 1123 Q = 12 The Reminder cannot be negative. Hence Q = 11 1 3 9 0 5 by 113
R = - 20 R=1103
Divide
Q = 1 24 R = -107 Q = 123 R = 6
86
Shortest Proof of Pythagorus Theorem

Take a square of length A+B. A+B. Draw another square inside it of Z dimension (A+B)2 = Z2 + 4x1/2 AB A2 + B2 + 2AB = Z2 + 2AB A2 + B2 = Z2
87
Quotes on Pythagoras Theorem

There are over 400 different proofs for Pythogorus Theorem. But the shortest was given by ancient unknown Indian scholar in just two lines.
Iswar Chakravartty
(Prof Emeritus, canada) chakravartty@trentu.ca
88
Quotes on Vedic Sciences

Two Line Proof of Pythogorus
2 = z2 + 4 x 1/2 xy (x+y) 2 + y2 + 2xy = z2 + 2 xy x 2 + y2 = z 2 x Iswar Chakravartty

(Prof Emeritus, canada) chakravartty@trentu.ca
Factorisations of Quadratics

Sutras: Anurupyena
Proportionately
Adhyam-Adhyena, Antyam-antyena
first by the first and the last by the last
90
Verifying Correctness of answers

A Sub-sutra of immense utility for the purpose of verifying the correctness of our answers in multiplications, divisions and factorisations:
Gunita-Samuchhayah Samuchhaya-gunitah
means
The product of the sum of the coefficients in the factors is equal to the sum of the coefficients in the product Product of the Sc in the factors = Sc of the product
(x+7) (x+9) (1+7) (1+9) Or (x+1) (x+2) (x+3) (1+1) (1+2) (1+3)
Example
= = = =
(x2 + 16x + 63) (1 + 16 + 63) = 80 (x3 + 6X2 + 11x + 6) (1 + 6 + 11 + 6) = 24
91
Factorisations of Harder Quadratics
Lopana-stapana-bhyam (alternate) Elimination and Retention

It is very difficult to factorise the long quadratic (2x2 + 6y2 + 3z2 + 7xy + 11yz + 7zx)
by
But Lopana-Sthapana removes the difficulty. Eliminate z by putting z = 0. Hence the given expression Ez = 2x2 + 6y2 + 7xy = (x+2y) (2x+3y) Similarly, if y=0, then Ey = 2x2 + 3z2 + 7zx = (x+3z) (2x+z) Hence E = (x+2y+3z) (2x+3y+z)
92
Factorisations of Harder Quadratics

Factorise 2x2 + 2y2 + 5xy + 2x- 5y 12 =
Ey = (x+3) (2x-4) and
Ex Hence,
(2y+3) (y-4) E= (x+2y+3) (2x+y-4)
* This Lopana-sthapana method (of alternate elimination and retention) will be found highly useful in HCF, in Solid Geometry and in Co-ordinate Geometry of the straight line, the Hyperbola, the conjugate Hyperbola, the Asymptotes etc.
93
Factorisations of Harder Quadratics Special Cases

Sunyam Samya samuccaye (when Samuccaya is the same, that Samuccaya is zero) Samuccaya is a technical term which has several meanings.
94

(when Samuccaya is the same, that Samuccaya is zero) Special Types of seeming Cubics (x- 3)3 + (x 9)3 (x= 2(x 6)3 current method is very lengthy, but Vedic method says, (x-3) + (x-9) = 2x 12 (x(xHence x = 6 (x-149)3 + (x-51)3 = 2(x-100)3 (x(x2(xHence 2x-200 =0 & 2x(x+a+b(x+a+b-c)3 + (x+b+c-a)3 (x+b+cHence = x = 100 2(x+b)3 x = -b
95

Solve the following equation by both Vedic Maths and conventional methods
X 1 3 X 3 3 ! 2X 2 3
Vedic Maths Method Vedic Sutra is: Shunya Samya Samuccaya When we open the LHS and RHS without raising to the power of 3 we get LHS : X -1 + X-3 X= 2X - 4 RHS: 2 (X-2) (X= 2X - 4 Hence LHS = RHS = Samuccaya = 2x-4 = 0 2xHence x=2
96

Solve
X 1 3 X 3 3 ! 2X 2 3
Conventional Method by Opening the brackets LHS: X 1 3 X 3 3 =
RHS: 2 ( -6 ) = 2 -12 Hence the equation is 2 -12 = 2 -12 Hence - = Hence = Hence = Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Which is the same as in Vedic Method Rig Veda
97

Solve the following equation by both Vedic Maths and conventional methods +=2 Vedic Maths Method Vedic Sutra is: Shunya Samya Samuchaya Meaning: If Samuchaya is same, then Samuchaya is Zero. (Samuchaya is a special Technical Term and has different meanings at different places) When we open the LHS and RHS without raising to the power of Three we get LHS : X -1 + X-3 X= 2X - 4 RHS: 2 (X-2) (X= 2X - 4 Hence LHS = RHS = Samuchaya = 2x-4 = 0 2xHence x=2 Let Noble Thoughts come Conventional Method by Opening the bracketsfrom all directions. Rig Veda LHS: - 3 + -9
98

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Vedas one of the oldest Books

Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda

Ancient Books of Vedic Knowledge

y Nyaya (Rishi Gautam)

y Puranas (Ved Vyas)

y Dharma Shastras (Manu, Parashar, Yajnavalkya etc)

y Kalpam (ceremonieslimbs of Ved) Noble Thoughts come from all Let

Sidhanta Skanda Vyakta Ganit Avyakta Ganit Sameekaran

Hora Skanda Horoscope 12 Zodiac Signs

Samhita Skanda Sagunas, Nimitta Scents

Vedic Physics Measurement of Length

Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda

Vedic Physics Measurement of Mass

Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda

Vedic Physics Temperature (Linka)

113 Pada Kakshya = Boiling Pt of water = 100o C

* The temp between Freezing Pt of Water and

Vedic Physics Measurement of Time

Vedic Physics Measurement of Time

Maha Kalpa or Brahma Ayu,

311,040,000,000,000 solar years, years, the largest Unit of Time

Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda

Vedic Physics Measurement of Time

Gresshma, Hemant, Uttarayan

Varsha, Sishir Dakshinayan

Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda

Vedic Physics Speed of Light 1300 AD Sayanacharya

Quotes on Vedic Sciences

Quotes on Indian Mathematics

Pragnaptihi Hetuheelam Karahuhu

Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda

Tatitreeya Samhita 7-2-20-1 7- 20in 100 BCE

Gananaagatihi Niravadyam Mudraabaalam Sarvabaalam Vishamagnagatihi Sarvagnaha Vibhtangamaa Tallaakshanam

1 Rupee = 100 Paise Rupee = 100/4 = 25 Paise 1/4 Re = Re = 5 Paise

Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda

Multiplying by 5 All Even Digits

Example: 5 x 4 Step 1: Divide 4 by 2 = Step 2: Add Zero = Example: 5 x 12 =

Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda

Multiplying by 5 All Even Digits

Solve: 5X286 5X464844 5X20046824 5X80640682

Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda

Multiplying by 5 Even and Odd Digits (Last Digit Even)

Multiplying by 5 Even and Odd Digits (Last Digit Even)

Multiplying by 5 Even and Odd Digits (Last Digit Even)

Solve 5X234 5X20304 5X2003004 5X4356778 5X12345678

Multiplying by 5 All Odd Digits

Example : Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 :

Multiplying by 5 All Odd Digits

Multiplying by 5 All Odd Digits

Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda

Multiplying by 5 Any Number

Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda

MATHEMATICIAN TIME PERIOD

MATHEMATICIAN TIME PERIOD

Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda

MATHEMATICIAN TIME PERIOD

MATHEMATICIAN TIME PERIOD

Let Noble Thoughts come from all directions. Rig Veda

What is Vedic Mathematics?

Who Brought Vedic Maths to limelight?

These are now available in a book called

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