NAME : NUR AFIQAH ABDULLAH CLASS : 5 BERSIH (2012) SCHOOL : SEKOLAH TUN FATIMAH

Animal Cell and Plant Cell

ANIMAL CELL

PLANT CELL

FUNCTION OF CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL

Plasma Membrane
Function: y Separates a cell from its external environment. y Holds the cell contents together. y Control the exchange of molecules between the cell and its external environment through active transport, passive transport and simple diffusion.
Also known as the cell membrane. Is a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of the cell. Is selectively permeable or semi-permeable. Is made up of two lipid layers.

CELL MEMBRANE
Structure: y Is the rigid cellulose layer surrounding the plasma membrane of plant cell. Function: y Provides support and protection for the cell. y Prevents the cell from bursting in dilute solution.

CYTOPLASM
Structure: y Refers to everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus. y Is a continuous aqueous solution, containing organelles except nucleus. Function: y Gives shape to cell y Supports and protects the cell organelles. y In general, its provides a medium for all cellular metabolic reactions to occur. y Provides a medium to produce energy to manufacture materials.

NUCLEUS
Structure: y Is an organelle bounded by the nuclear membrane (two layers) containing a nucleolus, chromosomes, and nucleoplasm. Function: y Controls all the cell activities. y Separates the genetic material (chromatin) from the cytoplasm. y Has many pores (nuclear pores) in the nuclear membrane for the material to enter and exit the nucleus.

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Structure: y Is a flat sealed sac that is continuous with the nuclear membrane. y Is ER with ribosomes embedded on its surface. Function: y Transport protiens made by ribosome. y Present in large amounts in cells that make protiens, such as the rough ER in gut cells that manufacture digestive enzymes.

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Structure: y Is tubular rather than flat y Does not have the ribosomes. y May extend separately from the outer membrane of the nucleus or extend from the rough ER. Function: y Synthesises and transport lipids. y Present in large amounts in cells that make lipids and steroids, such as the cells of the liver and testes.

GOLGI APPARATUS
Structure: y Also called the golgi body. y Consist of a stack membrane-bound sacs with small vesicles budding of the edges. Function: y Receives protien from the RER then modifies and combines the protien with carbohydrates to form glyco-proteins. y Transport and store lipids. y Forms lysosomes. y Produces digestive enzyme. y Secretes waste product from the cell.

MITOCHONDRIAN
Structure: y Is rod-shaped y Has two membranes: an inner membrane and outer membrane. y The outer membrane limits the organelle. y The inner membrane is folded inwards to form the cristae. Function: y Form the cells powerhouse. y Produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is an energy source for the cell.

LYSOSOMES
Structure: y Are sac-like organelles bounded by a membrane and contain digestive enzymes (hydrolytic enzymes). Function: y Generally for breaking down food and foreign materials. y Digest protein, lipids, and carbohydrates. y Transport undigested material to the cell membrane for removal.

RIBOSOMES
Structure: y Are small dot-like organelles found in large numbers in all cells. y Are either attached to the ER or occur freely in the cytoplasm. Function: y A small protein factories for protein synthesises.

CHLOROPLAST
Structure: y Are lens-shaped organelle. y Have an inner and an outer membrane. y Contain chlorophyll in the grana trap sunlight energy. Function: y Carry out photosynthesis in the chlorophyll of the grana.

CENTRIOLES
Structure: y Are paired cylindrical organelles just outside the nucleus. y Lie at right angles to each other. y Each centriole consists of nine tubes, each tube with three tubules. y Are found in only animal cell. Function: y Are involved in cell division (mitosis and meiosis). y Migrate to the opposite poles of the cell, produce spindle to assist the movement of chromoses.

VACUOLE
Structure: y is a small cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell, bound by single membrane and containing water, food or metabolic waste.
y Generally for storage,

digestion and waste removal. y Central vacuole in plant cells for storage and cell expansion. y Food vacuoles in amoeba for phagocytosis. y Contractile vacuoles in paramecium expel water.

Compare and contract an animal cell and a plant cell

SIMILARITIES
Have a nucleus, cytoplasm, a cell membrane , ribosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum ANIMAL CELL
y Smaller than plant cell. y Not fixed shape. y Cell wall is absent. y Vacuole usually not present y Chloroplast is absent. y Centrioles is present. y Carbohydrates storage is

PLANT CELL
y Larger than an animal cell. y Fixed and regular shape. y Has a thick wall. y Has a large central vacuole. y Chloroplast is present. y Centrioles absent. y Carbohydrates storage is starch. y Lysosomes is uncommon.

glycogen. y Lysosomes common.

Cell organisms

The Living Processes of Unicellular Organisms

Unicellular organisms are single celled organisms capable of carrying out the following basic life processes: y Feeding y Reproduction y Respiration y Excretion y Locomotion y Sensitively y Growth y Osmoregulation

Living Processes of Unicellular Organisms Amoeba

y Found in fresh water puddles, ponds. y Have a irregular shape, with diameter 0.1mm. y Its move by following its cytoplasm forward, forming pseudopodium that helps it to move forward slowly. y A pseudopodium means a false foot. y Is an omnivore and eats algae, bacteria, plant cells, and other microscopic organisms. y Feeds by engulfing tiny food particles with its pseudopodia, forming a bubble-like food vacuole to contain the food. y This is called phagocytosis y Digestive enzymes are produced in the food vacuole to digest the food particles.

AMOEBA

Living Processes of Unicellular Organisms Paramecium

y Found in fresh water, especially in

decaying organic matter. y Its has a slipper like shape, with a length about 0.3mm. y The outer surface of the cell membrane is covered with fine hairs called cilia. y It uses its hair like cilia to beat against the water, enabling it to swim. y To swim forward, its beats its backwards diagonally; to swim backwards, it beat its cilia forward. y Paramecium eats bacteria and other microscopic organic material. y First, the sweeping movement of cilia

PARAMECIUM

The uniqueness of the cell

THE UNIQUE CELL

The word uniqueness of the cell used with reference to tissues, organs, and organs systems gives an exact description of the cell as: y Each cell is one its kind after specialisation. y Each cell performs a specialised fuction. The cell unique because each cellular component: y Has its own distinctive structure. y Has its own specialised function.

Cell without particular cellular component

Organelle missing
Nucleus

Predicted State of the cell

All cell activities stop Cell does not live for long The cell dies. No energy for cell activity The cell dies Cell unable to synthesis enzyme. Cell growth stop. Cell unable to repair itself. Finally, the cell dies. Less enzyme produced. Synthesis and transport of protien and glycerol stop. Protiens produced became defective. Cell unable to produce certain types of protien

Mitochondrion Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough and smooth) Golgi apparatus

THE END