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engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-22
Chapter Summary
The first law of thermodynamics is essentially an expression of the conservation of energy principle. Energy can cross the boundaries of a closed system in the form of heat or work. If the energy transfer across the boundaries of a closed system is due to a temperature difference, it is heat; otherwise, it is work.
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-23
Chapter Summary
Heat is transferred in three ways: conduction, convection, and radiation.
engel Boles
Third Edition
Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles. Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion. Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules.
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-24
Chapter Summary
The three modes of heat transfer are expressed as:
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-25
Chapter Summary
Various forms of work are expressed as follows:
Electrical work:
engel Boles
Boundary work: Gravitational work (=DPE): Acceleration work (=DKE): Shaft work: Spring work:
WCB/McGraw-Hill
Third Edition
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-26
Chapter Summary
engel Boles
For the ploytropic process (Pvn = constant) of real gases, the boundary work can be expressed as:
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-27
Chapter Summary
The energy balance for any system undergoing any process can be expressed as:
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-28
Chapter Summary
The energy balances for any system undergoing any process can be expressed in the rate form as:
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-29
Chapter Summary
Taking heat transfer to the system and work done by the system to be positive quantities, the energy balance for a closed system can also be expressed as:
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
where:
3-30
Chapter Summary
For a constant-pressure process, Thus .
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-31
Chapter Summary
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a unit of mass of a substance by one degree is called the specific heat at constant volume Cv for a constant-volume process and the specific heat at constant pressure Cp for a constant pressure process. They are defined as:
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-32
Chapter Summary
For ideal gases u, h, Cv, and Cp are functions of temperature alone. The #u and #h of ideal gases can be expressed as:
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-33
Chapter Summary
For ideal gases Cv, and Cp are related by:
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-34
Chapter Summary
The specific heat ratio k is defined as:
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-35
Chapter Summary
For incompressible substances (liquids and solids), both the constant-pressure and constantvolume specific heats are identical and denoted by C:
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-36
Chapter Summary
The u and given by h of incompressible substances are
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-37
Chapter Summary
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-1
Heat Transfer
(Fig. 3-3)
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-2
Adiabatic Process
(Fig. 3-4)
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-3
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-4
Convection: Cooling
(Fig. 3-9)
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-5
Radiation
(Fig. 3-10)
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-6
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-7
Path Functions
(Fig. 3-16)
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-8
Boundary Work
(Fig. 3-27)
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-9
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-10
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-11
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-12
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-13
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-14
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-15
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-16
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-17
Closed-Systems, First-Law
(Fig. 3-55)
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-18
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-19
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-20
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
3-21
engel Boles
Third Edition
WCB/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics