Impression Materials and Orthodontic Cements

PRESENTED BY Dr. KUMAR .A I st Yr PG orthodontics,

Guided by Dr.Rajasigamani MDS., vice principal, RMDCH & H.O.D Department of orthodontics

Impression Materials used in orthodontics.

slide 2

Contents
         

Definitions Objectives Ideal requirements Classification of impression materials Compositions and Reactions of Elastomeric materials. Properties of Elastomeric materials. Disinfection Of impressions. Failures In impressions Making. Conclusion References

Impression
Definition :1) A negative likeness or copy in reverse of the surface or object.

2) An imprint of the teeth and adjacent structures for use in dentistry

Impression

 Definition :  Impressions are negative reproduction of oral structures.

Impression material
Impression material:Any substance or combination of substances used for making an impression or negative reproduction. Impression technique:A method and manner used in making a negative likeness.

Objectives
 Provide general review of types of dental impression materials.  Provide general information on the physical and handling properties and indications for use of various types of impression materials.

Objectives of impression making

 To provide

a. support , b. retention, c. stability, d. foundation of improved appearance of lips, e. maintain the health of tissues.
 The impression should record all the potential

denture-bearing surfaces available

The Ideal Impression Material

y Easy to mix and handle. y Suitable working time. y Suitable setting time. y Compatible with die and stone y Not toxic or allergenic to the patient. y Dimensionally stable on setting. y Accurate to record the fine details of the prepared tooth y Has acceptable odor and taste. y Adequate strength. y Adequate shelf life.

The Ideal Impression Material cont.

y Economical y Ready to disinfected without loss of accuracy. y Fluid or plastic when inserted into the mouth. y It must be an exact record of all the aspects of the prepared tooth and

sufficient unprepared tooth structure immediately adjacent to margins, to allow the dentist and the technician to be certain of the location and configuration of the finish line. accurately reproduced to permit proper articulation of the cast and contouring of the restoration.

y Other teeth and tissue surrounding the abutment tooth must be

y It must be free from air bubbles especially in the finish line area.

High accuracy
(very small contraction <0.5%)

Biocompatibility

High dimensional stability Compatibility to stone High elastic recovery High tear strength Ease of use Long shelf life Hydrophilic Pleasant color &taste and Hydrophobic Proper setting time Cost

Classification of impression materials

Impression materials
Non elastic

elastic
Hydrocolloids Synthetic elastomers

Reversible

Irreversible

Polysulphide

Polyether

Silicones
Addition silicone
Condensation silicone

Nonelastic Plaster

Impression Compound

Zinc oxide eugenol

Impression wax

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Based on Properties of Set Materials
Properties: Reaction: Irrev Rev Irrev Irrev Rev Irrev Irrev Irrev Irrev Set: (Chem) (Phys) (Chem) (Chem) (Phys) (Chem) (Chem) (Chem) (Chem)

Rigid:
1. 2. 3. Impression Plaster Impression Compound Zinc Oxide/ Eugenol Rigid Rigid Rigid Flexible Flexible Flexible Flexible Flexible Flexible

Water-Based Gel: 4. Alginate (Irreversible Hydrocolloid) 5. Agar-Agar (Reversible Hydrocolloid) Elastomers: 6. Polysulfide (Rubber Base, Thiokol) 7. Silicone (Conventional, Condensation) 8. Polyether 9. Polyvinyl Siloxane (Addition Silicone)

Introduction
 Elasto mers refer to a group of

rubbery polymers, which are chemically or physically cross-linked. They can be easily stretched and rapidly recover their original dimensions when applied stress is released.

Plaster Non-elastic Compound Waxes Impression Materials ZnO - Eugenol

Aqueous Hydrocolloids Elastic Non-aqueous Elastomers

Agar (reversible) Alginate (irreversible) Polysulfide Silicones Polyether

Condensatio n Addition

O Brien, Dental Materials & their Selection 1997

Aqueous Hydrocolloids
 Colloidal suspensions
chains align to form fibrils traps water in interstices

 Two forms
sol
viscous liquid

gel
elastic solid

 Placed intra-orally as sol

converts to gel
thermal or chemical process
Phillip s Science of Dental Materials 1996

Aqueous Hydrocolloids
 Semi-permeable membranes
poor dimensional stability

 Evaporation  Syneresis
fibril cross linking continues
contracts with time exudes water

 Imbibition
water absorption
swells
Phillip s Science of Dental Materials 1996

Hydrocolloids Reversible and

y Introduced by Sears 1939 y First elastic

Irreversible

Hydrocolloid impression materials

 Reversible

Agar Sets by cooling.

 Irreversible

Alginate Sets by chemical reaction.

Aqueous Hydrocolloids Elastic Non-aqueous Elastomers

Agar (reversible) Alginate (irreversible) Polysulfide Silicones Polyether Addition

Condensation

O Brien, Dental Materials & their Selection 1997

Irreversible Hydrocolloid (Alginate)

 Most widely used impression material  Indications
study models removable fixed partial dentures
framework

 Examples
Jeltrate (Dentsply/Caulk) Coe Alginate (GC America)
Phillip s Science of Dental Materials 1996

Irreversible Hydrocolloid
y Material that cannot return to a solution state after it becomes a gel. y Alginate is the irreversible hydrocolloid most widely used for preliminary impressions.

Alginate

Alginic acid;
 Alginic acid, also called algin or alginate, is an anionic polysaccharide distributed widely in the cell walls of brown algae, where it, through binding water, forms a viscous gum.  In extracted form it absorbs water quickly;  it is capable of absorbing 200-300 times its own weight in water.  Its colour ranges from white to yellowishbrown.  It is sold in filamentous, granular or powdered forms.

Makeup of Alginate
y Potassium alginate (Alginic Acid) (12-15%)
y Comes from seaweed; is also used in foods such as

ice cream as a thickening agent.

y Calcium sulfate (8-12%)

y Reacts with the potassium alginate to form the gel.

y Trisodium phosphate
y Added to slow down the reaction time for mixing.

Composition
 Sodium alginate
salt of alginic acid
mucous extraction of seaweed (algae)

 Sodium phosphate
retarder

 Filler  Potassium fluoride

improves gypsum surface

 Calcium sulfate
reactor

2 Na3PO4 + 3 CaSO4 Na alginate + CaSO4

(powder)

Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 Na2SO4
H2O

Ca alginate + Na2SO4
(gel)
O Brien Dental Materials & their Selection 1997

Makeup of Alginate cont d

y Diatomaceous earth (70%)
y A filler that adds bulk to the material. y Controls the stiffness of the set gel

y Zinc oxide
y Adds bulk to the material.

y Potassium titanium fluoride (~10%)

y Added so as not to interfere with the setting and surface

strength.

y Sodium Phosphate (retarder) (2%) y Coloring and flavouring agents (traces)

Physical Phases of Alginate

y The first phase is a sol (as in solution). In the sol

phase, the material is in a liquid or semiliquid form. (sol: resembles a solution, but is made up of colloidal particles dispersed in a liquid) y The second phase is a gel. In the gel phase, the material is semisolid, similar to a gelatin dessert. gel entangled framework of solid colloidal particles in which liquid is trapped in the interstices and held by capillary forces (Jello)

Fig. 46-7 Examples of packaging for alginate.

Packaging and Storing of Alginate

y Containers about the size of a coffee can are the most commonly used form of packaging. y Shelf life of alginate is approximately 1 year.

Manipulation
 Weigh powder  Powder added to water
rubber bowl vacuum mixer

 Mixed for 45 sec to 1 min  Place tray  Remove 2 to 3 minutes

after gelation (loss of tackiness)

Caswell JADA 1986

Fig. 46-8 Scoop and water measure for alginate. The mix of an alginate impression material is made by a vigorous stropping of the material against the side of the mixing bowl

Water-to-Powder Ratio
y An adult mandibular impression generally requires two scoops of powder and two measures of water. y An adult maxillary impression generally requires three scoops of powder and three measures of water.

Manipulation
 Weigh powder  Powder added to water
rubber bowl vacuum mixer

 Mixed for 45 sec to 1 min  Place tray  Remove 2 to 3 minutes

after gelation (loss of tackiness)

Caswell JADA 1986

Altering the Setting Times of Alginate

y Cooler water can increase the setting time if additional time is needed for the procedure. y Warmer water can reduce or shorten the setting time of the procedure.

Taking an Alginate Impression

y Explain the procedure to the patient:
y The material will feel cold, there is no unpleasant taste, and

the material will set quickly. y Breathe deeply through your nose to help you relax and be more comfortable. y Use hand signals to communicate any discomfort.

y Rinse and dry the patient's teeth, If teeth are too dry, alginate will stick

An Acceptable Alginate Impression

y The impression tray is centered over the central and lateral incisors. y There is a complete "peripheral roll," which includes all of the vestibular areas. y The tray is not "overseated," which would result in exposure of areas of the impression tray. y The impression is free from tears or voids. y There is sharp anatomic detail of all teeth and soft tissues. y The retromolar area, lingual frenum, tongue space, and mylohyoid ridge are reproduced in the mandibular impression. y The hard palate and tuberosities are recorded in the maxillary impression.

Advantages
 Inexpensive  Easy to use  Hydrophilic
displace moisture, blood, fluids

 Stock trays

Phillip s Science of Dental Materials 1996

Disadvantages
 Tears easily  Dimensionally unstable
immediate pour single cast

 Lower detail reproduction

unacceptable for fixed pros

 High permanent deformation  Difficult to disinfect

Phillip s Science of Dental Materials 1996

Uses of alginate impression and its applications

Irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) :
 Alginate is the most widely used impression material in dentistry. They are used to take impressions for: 1. Diagnostic casts. 2. Partial dentures with clasps. 3. Preliminary impressions for CD. 4. Occlusal analysis 5. Orthodontic treatment planning & ort. retainers 6. Crown, bridge and implant planning 7. Mouthguards 8. Occlusal splints 9. Inlays & onlays
slide 42

Aqueous Hydrocolloids Elastic Non-aqueous Elastomers

Agar (reversible) Alginate (irreversible) Polysulfide Silicones Polyether Addition

Condensation

Condensation Silicone
 Indications
complete dentures crown and bridge

 Examples
Speedex (Coltene/Whaledent) Primasil (TISS Dental)

Composition
 Base
poly(dimethylsiloxane) tetraethylorthosilicate filler

 Catalyst
metal organic ester

 By-product
ethyl alcohol
Phillip s 1996

Manipulation
 Mix thoroughly
paste - paste paste - liquid

 Putty-wash technique
reduces effect of polymerization shrinkage stock tray
putty placed thin plastic sheet spacer preliminary impression
intraoral custom tray

inject wash material

Advantages
 Better elastic properties  Clean, pleasant  Stock tray
putty-wash

 Good working and setting time

Disadvantages

 Poor dimensional stability

high shrinkage
polymerization evaporation of ethanol

pour immediately
within 30 minutes

 Hydrophobic
poor wettability

Aqueous Hydrocolloids Elastic Non-aqueous Elastomers

Agar (reversible) Alginate (irreversible) Polysulfide Silicones Polyether Addition

Condensation

Addition Silicones
 AKA: Vinyl polysiloxane  Indications
crown and bridge denture bite registration

 Examples
Extrude (Kerr) Express (3M/ESPE) Aquasil (Dentsply Caulk) Genie (Sultan Chemists) Virtual (Ivoclar Vivadent)

Composition
 Improvement over condensation silicones
no by-product

 First paste
vinyl poly(dimethylsiloxane) prepolymer

 Second paste
siloxane prepolymer

 Catalyst
chloroplatinic acid
Phillip s 1996 Phillip s Science of Dental Materials 1996

Manipulation
 Adhesive to tray  Double mix
custom tray
heavy-body

light-body to prep

 Putty-wash
stock tray

Craig Adv Dent Res 1988

Advantages
 Highly accurate  High dimensional stability
pour up to one week

 Stock or custom trays  Multiple casts  Easy to mix  Pleasant odor

Phillip s Science of Dental Materials 1996

Disadvantages
 Expensive  Sulfur inhibits set
latex gloves ferric and Al sulfate retraction solution

 Pumice teeth before

impressing  Short working time  Lower tear strength  Possible hydrogen gas release
bubbles on die palladium added to absorb

Manikos Aust Dent J 1998

Addition Silicones
 Surfactants added
reduce contact angle improved
castability
gypsum

wettability??
still need dry field clinically

Aqueous Hydrocolloids Elastic Non-aqueous Elastomers

Agar (reversible) Alginate (irreversible) Polysulfide Silicones Polyether Addition

Condensation

Composition
 Base
difunctional epimine-terminated prepolymer fillers plasticizers

 Catalyst
aromatic sulfonic acid ester fillers

 Cationic polymerization
ring opening and chain extension

Manipulation
 Adhesive to tray
stock or custom tray
very stiff

 Paste-paste mix  Auto-mixing

hand-held
low viscosity

mechanical dispenser
high viscosity

Advantages
    

Highly accurate Good dimensional stability Stock or dual-arch trays Good surface detail Pour within one week
kept dry

 Multiple casts  Good wettability

Disadvantages
 Expensive  Short working time  Rigid
difficult to remove from undercuts

 Bitter taste  Low tear strength  Absorbs water

changes dimension
Phillip s Science of Dental Materials 1996

Impression Material Usage*

Civilian General Dentists
 Crown & Bridge
vinylpolysiloxane alginate polyether 81% 38% 28% 71% 22% 20%

 Inlays and Onlays

vinylpolysiloxane polyether alginate

*Multiple responses

DPR 2001

Handling Properties
Agar
Preparation Boil, temper, store
Technique sensitive

Alginate Polysulfide
Powder, water Good Pleasant, clean Very easy Poor 2 pastes

Condensation Silicone 2 pastes or paste/liquid Fair Pleasant, clean Moderate

Addition Silicone 2 pastes

Polyether
2 pastes

Ease of Use Patient Reaction Ease of removal Disinfection

Fair Unpleasant, stains Easy

Excellent

Good Unpleasant clean Moderate to difficult Fair

Thermal Shock Very easy Poor

Pleasant

Moderate

Fair

Fair

Excellent

Handling Properties
Agar
Working Time (min) Setting Time (min) Stability Wettability and castability Cost 7 15 5 1 hour
100% RH

Alginate
2.5 3.5 Immediate pour Excellent

Polysulfide
57 8 12 1 hour

Condensation Addition Silicone Silicone 3 68 Immediate pour Fair 2 4.5 37 1 week Fair to good High to very high

Polyether
2.5 4.5 1 week kept dry Good

Excellent

Fair

Low

Very low

Low

Moderate

Very high

Comparison of Properties
 Working time
longest to shortest
agar > polysulfide > silicones > alginate = polyether

 Setting time
shortest to longest
alginate < polyether < agar < silicones < polysulfide

Comparison of Properties
 Stiffness
most to least
polyether > addition silicone > condensation silicone > polysulfide = hydrocolloids

 Tear strength
greatest to least
polysulfide > addition silicone > polyether > condensation silicone >> hydrocolloids

Summary
 Study models
Alginate most widely used
inexpensive displaces moisture lower detail reproduction dimensionally unstable

IMPRESSION MATERIALS
Key Properties
a. Accuracy = ability to replicate the intraoral surface details.

b. Dimensional Stability = ability to retain its absolute dimensional size over time. c. Tear Resistance = ability to resist tearing in thin sections (such as through the feather-edged material within the gingival sulcus.
Impression Tray Impression

Accuracy Dimensional Stability Tear Resistance

Trouble Shooting
y Inadequate working or setting time:
y y y

temperature of the water, incomplete spatulation W/P too low improper storage of alginate powder

y Distortion:
y y

Tray movement during gelation or removed from mouth prematurely weight of tray compressing or distorting alginate

y impression not poured up immediately y Tearing:

y y y y

removing impression from mouth before adequately set thin mixes (high W/P ratio) presence of undercuts (blocking out these areas before an impression may help) inadequate amount of impression material in tray (avoided by minimum 3 mm of impression material between tray and oral tissues)

Loss of detail:
y

removed from mouth prematurely

y Consistency:
y preset mix is too thin or thick y The W/P ratio is incorrect (avoid by fluffing powder before measuring; do not overfill

powder dispenser) y inadequate mixing (avoided by vigorous spatulation and mixing for recommended time) y using hot water: grainy and prematurely thick mix

Dimensional change:
y delay in pouring y alginate impression stored in air: results in distorted, undersized cast due to alginate

impressions losing water when stored in air

y Porosity:
y whipping air into the mix during spatulation (proper mixing: after initial y wetting of powder by the water, mix alginate so as to squeeze the material between the

spatula blade and the side of the rubber bowl)

Poor stone surface (of cast)

y set gypsum remaining in contact with the alginate for too long a period of time

Disinfection of Impression Materials

y Irreversible Hydrocolloids (Alginate) y Diagnostic Casts: y Soak 10 min in Gluteraldehyde
y Final Impressions:

y Dip in Gluteraldehyde ,rinse in sterile water, dip again let stand under damp gauze 10 min y Spray with Sodium Hypochlorite rinse, spray again & let stand under damp gauze 10 min
y Reversible Hydrocolloid y Dip in Gluteraldehyde ,rinse in sterile water, dip again let stand under damp gauze 10 min y Spray with Sodium Hypochlorite rinse, spray again & let stand under damp gauze 10 min y

Addition reaction Silicones y In Gluteraldehyde 1 hr., y Rinse sterile water y Soak in fresh solution Gluteraldehyde 10 min

Disinfection for impression materials

Formulated with isopropyl alcohol, Septodont's Dimenol is designed specifically to disinfect impression materials alginates and silicones to protect patients, practice professionals, laboratory professionals and the prosthesis itself.

Spray sufficient bactericidal, fungicidal and virucidal Dimenol evenly onto the impression materials to moisten, leave for 15 minutes and rinse carefully to effectively decontaminate the blood, saliva and proteins that can harbor pathogens. Supplied in 200ml spray bottles, Dimenol disinfects without altering the surface accuracy and without producing any dimensional variation

References
 Phillips Science of Dental Materials, edited by K Anusavice, 11th ed., 2008, Saunders Publishing.  RG Craig, Review of Impression Materials, Advance in Dental Research, Aug 1988, 2,51-64.

ORTHODONTIC CEMENTS

CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION  CLASSIFICATION OF CEMENTS  ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT  ZINC POLYCARBOXYLATE CEMENT  GLASS IONOMER CEMENT  RESIN IONOMER HYBRID  CEMENTS IN BANDING  CEMENTS IN BONDING  NEWER PRODUCTS

INTRODUCTION


Cements are routinely used for orthodontic purposes. Proper cementation of the bands and bonding of the brackets plays an important role for the betterment of treatment and for reducing the duration. Problems like failure of the bands and brackets and demineralisation were often faced by the practitioner. These problems can be due to poor seal between cement ,bracket or band material and enamel surface; inadequate structural and bonding strength;solubility of cements in oral fluids and so on.

What are cements?

In the Oxford dictionary

 A material which glues various things together e.g.  embedded particles in minerals are glued in a compact  body sand, particles of rocks are glued using Portland cement in a concrete
2007/2008

Powder + Liquid Pastelike or flowable material Hardens to a rigid solid

In dentistry
 Materials used for:  Luting, fixation, cementation - i.e. luting inlays     

crowns, bridges, veneers on the prepared tooth To protect pulp from heat ( thermal insulation ) and from chemical irritation (liners and bases) - to stimulate secondary dentin formation Temporary filling material
2007/2008

Applications of Dental Cements:

       

Cementing agent for permanent restorations. Temporary restorations. Liners and bases. Cementing agents for orthodontic appliances. Periodontal dressing. Root canal fillers and sealers. Pulp capping agents. Anterior restorations.

2007/2008

Requirement of Dental Cements

 Adequate mechanical properties.  Non-irritating & non-toxic.  Insoluble.  Insulating the pulp from thermal, electrical

and chemical irritants.  Adhesive properties.  Esthetic properties.  Easy to manipulate.

2007/2008

CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL CEMENTS

The cements may be classified by composition into four categories a. Phosphates; which includes the zinc phosphate and silicophosphate cement. b. Phenolates; which includes the zinc oxide eugenol and calcium hydroxide cements c. Polycarboxylate; which includes the zinc polycarboxylate and glass ionomer cements. d.Resin cements.

Types of Dental Cements:

 1- Cements based on Zinc Oxide.  2- Cements based on Alumino Silicate Glasses ( Ion leachable glasses ).  3- Other cements: Resin cements. Calcium Hydroxide cements. Cavity liners and Varnishes.

2007/2008

1- Cements based on Zinc Oxide

Zinc Oxide

Eugenol

Phosphoric acid

Polyacrylic acid

Zinc oxide eugenol cement

Zinc polycarboxylate cement Zinc phosphate cement

2007/2008

2- Cements based on Alumino Silicate Glasses.

Alumino-Slicate Glass

Phosphoric acid

Polyacrylic acid

Slicate cements

Glass-ionomer cements
2007/2008

GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS

HISTORY Development of glass ionomer cements was first announced by Wilson and kent in 1972. It is referred to as polyalkenoate cement. The first commercial glass ionomer was made by the De Trey company and distributed by the amalgamated Dental company in England and by Caulk in the United States.

Known as ASPA(Alumino-silicate poly acrylate) it consisted of an ion leachable alumino silicate glass and an aqueous solution of a copolymer of acrylic acid. Glass ionomers are hybrids of silicate cements and polycarboxylate cements. The intention was to produce a cement with characteristics of both the silicate cements (flouride release and translucency) with those of the polycarboxylate cements(ability to chemically bond to tooth structure and kindness to pulp). Glass ionomer cement was introduced to orthodontics in 1986.

Glass Ionomer Cement

Composition Powder -Calcium fluoroalumino silicate glass . -Barium glass or zinc oxide. Liquid -Polyacrylic acid copolymer with itaconic, maleic, or tricarboxylic acid. - Tartaric acid.
2007/2008

Setting Reaction of Glass Ionomer Cement:

 Dissolution .  Gelation  Hydration

2007/2008

SETTING REACTION AND STRUCTURE

 The setting reaction of conventional glass ionomer cement can be represented as an acid base reaction leading to the formation of polycarboxylate salts that comprise the cement matrix.

 Dissolution : The carboxyl(COOH)groups are

dissociated to carboxylate groups(COO-)and hydrogen(H+)ions.  The positively charged hydrogen ions attack the surface layer of glass particles,releasing calcium and aluminium ions in the form of flouride complexes.  The calcium ion concentration rises more rapidly.As the ionisation reaction continues, the polyacrylic chains assume a more linear format, allowing the commencement of gelation.

 Gelation : The more readily available calcium ions

are complexed with the carboxyl groups and a weak ionic cross linking is formed,which corresponds to the initial setting of the cement that is observed.

 Final Hardening : As the setting reaction

continues,Al3+ ions are increasingly deposited in the matrix,leading to calcium-aluminium carboxylate gel that corresponds to the final stage of cement hardening.

Unreacted glass particles.

Silica hydrogel sheath .

Amorphous matrix of crossLinked polysalt hydrogel of Ca++&Al+++.

The structure of the set GIC

2007/2008

TYPES OF GIC
Type-I Luting applications Type-II Restorative material Type-III Liner or Base Type-IV Pit and Fissure Sealant Type-V Orthodontic Bracket Type-VI Core build up

Manipulation:
 The proper powder/liquid ratio is dispensed onto

paper pad or glass slab,mixed for30-60 sec.  Encapsulated products are mixed for 10 sec.in mechanical mixer.  An extension of the working time to 9 minutes can be achieved by mixing on a cold slab.  The cement should not be used once a skin forms on the surface or when the viscosity increases noticeably.

2007/2008

Manipulation:


Once the cement has achieved its initial set (about 7 minutes), the cement should be coated with the coating agent supplied with the cement.

2007/2008

 Working time-range is 3-5 min  Setting time- 5-9 min  Manipulation The powder is introduced into the liquid in large increments and spatulated rapidly for 30 to 45 seconds  Recommended P:L ratio is 1.25 to 1.5 g of powder per 1ml of liquid

Glass Ionomer Cement

Advantages
 Adhesion to tooth

Disadvantages
 Technique sensetive  Moisture sensitivity.  Short working time

structure.  Biocompatibility.  High compressive strength.  Low solubility.

and long setting time.  Low abrasion resistance.  Brittlness.

2007/2008

Modification of GIC :
A. Metal Reinforced GIC .
1. Silver alloy admix.
2. Cermet cement.

B. Hybrid Ionomer (Resin-Modified GIC)

Dual cure . Tricure .

C. Compomer (Polyacid modified resin

composite materials ).
2007/2008

RESIN MODIFIED GLASS IONOMERS

COMPOSITION

 The powder of resin modified glass ionomer

cements,consists of either the glass composition used for conventional glass ionomer cements or strontiumaluminoflourosilicate glass; a barium aluminosilicate glass is also incorporated in some products.  Significant alteration have been made in the liquid component of RMGIC's.

Applications of ResinModified GIC :

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Restoration. Liners and bases. Fissure sealants. Core buld up. Cementation of orthodontic brackets. Retrograde root filling material.

2007/2008

CEMENTS IN BONDING
 When used for bonding GIC requires no more etching 

 

other than cleaning with pumice and moderate drying with a cotton roll. The absolute dryness required for composites have been found to be unnecessary and even harmful for GIC bonding. It acts as a reservoir of fluoride ions preventing decalcification that occurs around brackets.Also it offers a longer working time. Light forces must be used first,because gelation continues and full bond strength is not reached for 24 hours. However, the bond strength of GIC to enamel(2 to 6 MPa) is approximately one-half that of Composite resin(5 to 25 MPa) bonding after etching.No enamel is damaged during debonding.

Compomers in Bonding
 Robert A.Miller describes a compomer (Dyract

Ortho) that consists of a radiopaque flourosilicate glass in a matrix of acid polymerisable monomers and other light cured polymers.

 It is dispersed in single unit 'no mix'capsules.  The 'no mix' feature is made possible by an acid

polymerisable monomer that cross links after exposure to light and cross links further after uptake from saliva. fields,or with impacted canines or second molars.

 This saves time when bonding in difficult,wet

 Although Dyract is self adhesive,it is most retentive    

to enamel when used after Prime&Bond, a light cured, single component direct bonding agent. Prime&Bond provides an active adhesion monomer that forms ionic interactions with the inorganic portions of the enamel. This yields a bond strength that is adequate for brackets and other attachments under wet conditions in most impaction cases. The impacted tooth is pumiced shortly after surgical exposure. Prime&Bond is applied followed by Dyract to bracket base and placed firmly to remove excess adhesive since this material is considerably viscous.

Composite resin cement

 Composite :

Resin matrix + inorganic filler

Silane coated

Composition
 Filler
Silica

 Matrix
Bis-GMA (polymer)
The fillers binds with matrix by

silane coupling agent

Setting reaction
 Polymerization
Chemical activation Light activation Dual activation [chemical and light]

Preparations
 Powder / liquid

Chemical, light, or dual cure  2 paste system [base / catalyst] Chemical, light, or dual cure  Single paste

Light cure

Bonding system
 Bond with the tooth surface by enamel an dentine bonding system.  Bond with metal by using metal primer.  Bond with ceramic restoration by treating the surface of porcelain with silane coupling agent

Properties
 Very good bond strength  High compressive strength  Water sensitive  Might irritate pulpal tissues

Applications
 Tooth color filling materials  Luting cements

References
 Textbooks
Kenneth J. Anusavice Phillips science of dental materials 11th edition W.B. Saunders company 2003