NADIA SHAUKAT SEHRISH KHAN FARAH RIAZ

OUR PROJECT

Introduction to clapper switch:

Perpose:

IC1: 741 Op-Amp IC2: 555 Timer IC3: 4013 Dual D Flip-Flop Q1: 2N2222 NPN Transistor C1, C2, C3, C4: 0.1uF Ceramic Capacitor C5: 47 uf Electrolytic Capacitor R1, R2, R4, R5, R10: 10 Kohm R6: 150 Kohm R7, R9: 100 Kohm R8: 1 Mohm R11: 220 Ohm R3: 100 KOhm Trimpot B1: 9 Volt Battery, K1: SPST Reed Relay 5 Volt DC Coil MIC: Electret Microphone

100 uf Capacitor 102F CAPACITOR 473F CAPACITOR R=15K,2M,3K,270K,22K,10K,1K C945 transistors 9 Volt Battery, 12V Relay Condensor Microphone LED

A single hand clap will be picked up by the electric microphone which is coupled through C1 into the op amp IC1. The output of IC1 triggers the 555 IC timer IC2 which is configured as a monostable multivibrater. The trigger pulse is stretched by IC2 and outputs a pulse to IC3 a D type flip flop. Because of the three state counter arrangement of IC3, two sharp claps are required before IC3 will output a high to Q1 which will turn on K1 relay and any device connected to K1's switch contacts. Two more claps will clock IC3 again and will turn off Q1 and any device connected to the K1's contacts. I had my unit connected to an LED .Sensitivity for the circuit is R3 and should be adjusted so that the circuit ignores normal room noise.

sound of clap is received by a small microphone . The microphone changes sound wave in to electrical wave which is further amplified by Q1.Transistor Q1 is used as common emitter circuit to amplify weak signals received by the microphone. Amplified output from the collector of transistor Q1 is then feed to the Bistable Multivibrator circuit also known as flip-flop.

Flip flop circuit is made by using 2 Transistor, in our circuit Q2&Q3. In a flipflop circuit, at a time only one transistor conduct and other cut off and when it gets a trigger pulse from outside source then first transistor is cutoff and 2nd transistor conducts. Thus output of transistor is either logic-0 or logic-1 and it remains in one state 0 or 1 until it gets trigger pulse from outer source.

Flip flop circuit is made by using 2 Transistor, in our circuit Q2&Q3. In a flipflop circuit, at a time only one transistor conduct and other cut off and when it gets a trigger pulse from outside source then first transistor is cutoff and 2nd transistor conducts. Thus output of transistor is either logic-0 or logic-1 and it remains in one state 0 or 1 until it gets trigger pulse from outer source.

The pulse of clap which is a trigger for flip-flop which makes changes to the output which is complementary (reverse). Output of flip-flop which is in the low current form is unable to drive relay directly so we have used a current amplifier circuit by using Q4 which is a common emitter circuit. Output of Q4 is connected to a Relay (Electromagnetic switch), works like a mechanical switch. With the help of a relay it is easy for connecting other electrical appliance. The relay contact is connected to the power line and hence turns on/off any electrical appliance connected all the way through relay.

In which one of the states is stable, but the other is notthe circuit will flip into the unstable state for a determined period, but will eventually return to the stable state.

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism, but other operating principles are also used. In digital circuits, a flip-flop is a term referring to an electronic circuit (a bistable multivibrator) that has two stable states and thereby is capable of serving as one bit of memory.

A flip-flop is usually controlled by one or two control signals and/or a gate or clock signal. The output often includes the complement as well as the normal output. The D ip-op is the most common flip-flop in use today. It is better known as delay flip-flop (as its output Q looks like a delay of input D) The Q output always takes on the state of the D input at the moment of a positive edge (or negative edge if the clock input is active low). It is called the D flip-flop for this reason, since the output takes the value of the D input or Data input, and Delays it by maximum one clock count. The D flip-flop can be interpreted as a primitive memory cell, zero-order hold, or delay line. Whenever the clock pulses, the value of Qnext is D and Qprev otherwise.

Changeover relay contacts enable the unit to be wired in conjunction with a manual changeover switch so that manual override of the switched equipment is always possible. The operation is very simple. Clap and the lamp turns on. Clap again and it turns off.