Generation and Application of Attosecond pulse trains

Anne L Huillier

Femtosecond laser pulse

Attosecond pulse train

Generation

Application

Easier, more signal Complementary tool Possibility of control

Controlled sequences of attosecond pulses

Measure and control electron dynamics

Controlled sequences of attosecond pulses

Femtosecond laser pulse

Attosecond pulse train

~1014 W cm-2

Pulse separation Central photon energy Number of pulses Pulse duration (metallic filter- Mansten et al. OL 2007)

Attosecond pulse trains using a two-color field

1.3 fs
E-field (a. u.)

2.7 fs

Time (as)

Time (as)

Attosecond pulse trains using a two-color field

Spectral measurements Odd harmonics
Inensity (a. u.)

Even and odd harmonics

Energy (eV)

Energy (eV)

Temporal measurements

Streaking Trace

1 cycle Delay

1 cycle Delay

Mauritsson et al., PRL 2006

Attosecond pulse trains using a two-color field

Kinetic energy

36 Energy (eV)

28

0.5 1 Return time (T)

Kinetic energy 0

3 Up

20 0

0.5 1 Return time (T)

1 (p rad) 2 0

36

28

Intensity (a. u.) Intensity

Energy (eV) Energy (eV)

0 20 28 Energy (eV) Energy (eV) 36 20

20 0 1 Relative (p rad) ( rad) Relative phase ( rad) phase 2 0 1 Mansten (p rad)

et al., NJP, 2008

Central energy of attosecond pulse trains

Intensity (arb. u.) 170 as

Argon + Aluminum
0 20 40 60 80 Photon Energy (eV) 100

Lpez-Martens, PRL, 2005 Sansone, Science 2006

Intensity (arb. u.)

130 as

Neon + Zirconium
0 20 40 60 80 Photon Energy (eV) 100

Gustafsson , Opt. Lett., 2007

Intensity (arb. u.)

370 as

Xenon + Aluminum
0 20 40 60 80 Photon Energy (eV) 100

Johnsson, PRL, 2007

Short attosecond pulse trains

Short driving field

Attosecond pulse train

ETH Zurich 12 fs CEO stabilized

Short attosecond pulse trains

Short attosecond pulse trains : Multiple pulse interferences

Time Intensity Energy

Intensity

Intensity

Intensity

N sec.max ! N pulses  2

Short attosecond pulse trains : Multiple pulse interferences

N sec. max ! N pulses  2

Short attosecond pulse trains : Multiple pulse interferences

CEO- dependence 1
Intensity (a. u.)

0 25 35
Energy (eV)

45

Pfeifer et al. OE 2006 Sansone et al., 2004

Controlled sequences of attosecond pulses

Femtosecond laser pulse

Attosecond pulse train

Pulse separation Number of pulses, down to one Central photon energy Pulse duration (metallic filter)

Measurement and control of electron dynamics

Attosecond pulse train synchronized with infrared field

toroidal mirror recombination mirror

electron detection

1 kHz pulsed valve focusing mirror

filter wheel

delay stage

4 mJ, 35 fs 800 nm Ti:Saph

beamsplitter

Streaking with an attosecond pulse train (1 pulse / cycle)

Ar Itatani et al., PRL 2002 Mairesse, Qur, PRA 2005 Kienberger, Science 2002 Sansone, Science 2006

o Higher signal- Coherent superposition Imaging o Simulates an electron wave packet moving in a laser field o Quantum stroboscope

Coherent electron scattering with a train of attosecond wave packets He strong field

130 as

Rescattering of the electron by the atomic potential

Corkum, Ivanov et al. Diffraction by returning wp Mauritsson et al., PRL 2008

Characterization of attosecond pulses in a train

Weak field 5 10 1012 W/cm2 RABITT technique Paul et al. Science 2001

Delay (fs)

-10 -5

q+2 17 19 21 23 25 q

Harmonic Order The sideband signal oscillates as

2[X  * q  2  * q  *

at q2

*

at q
Ar

small

Characterization of attosecond pulses

3 Up Kinetic energy

0.5 1 Return time (T)

The sideband signal oscillates as

2[X  * q  2  * q  *

at q2

*

at q

Mairesse et al. Science 2003 Lpez-Martens et al., PRL 2005

small

Characterization of continuum wave packet

812 nm

796 nm

3p The sideband signal oscillates as

2[X  * q  2  * q  *
Hssler et al., 2009

at q2

*
([ )

at q
He

Characterization of continuum wave packet

3x1012

1010

3p The sideband signal oscillates as

2[X  * q  2  * q  *

at q2

*
(I )

at q
He

AC- Stark shift of the 3p state

Clock

3p Probe

Generation and Application of Attosecond pulse trains

Femtosecond laser pulse

Attosecond pulse train

Generation

Application

Easier, more signal Complementary tool Possibility of control

Controlled sequences of attosecond pulses

Measure and control electron dynamics

Johan Mauritsson Per Johnsson Mathieu Gisselbrecht Erik Mansten Marko Swoboda Thomas Fordell Kathrin Klnder Marcus Dahlstrm

ETH, Zurich: Ursula Keller FOM, Amsterdam: Marc Vrakking Polytechnico Milan: Mauro Nisoli LSU: Kenneth J. Schafer Mette B Gaarde

Attosecond control of ionization

He

Johnsson, PRL, 2007 Rivire, NJP, 2009