RESEARCH DESIGN

DOTAROT, DONNA CHRISTINE B.

WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN?

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DEFINITIONS:

1. According to David J. Luck and Ronald S. Rubin

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"A research design is the determination and statement of the general research approach or strategy adopted/or the particular project. It is the heart of PLANning. If the design adheres to the research objective, it will ensure that the client's needs will be served."

11. According to Kerlinger

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"Research design in the plan, structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions and to control variance." "A research design is the specification of methods and procedures for acquiring the information needed. It is the over-all operational pattern or framework of the project that stipulates what information is to be collected from which source by what procedures."

111. According to Green and Tull

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RESEARCH METHOD
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Is the totality of how the study is carried out. It includes the design, sample, setting, instruments, interventions, procedures, and data analysis.

HYPOTHESIS
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

DESIGN

PROBLEM

LITERATURE REVIEW

QUANTITATIVE DESIGNS
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Descriptive design Survey designs Correlational designs Comparative designs Time dimensional designs Longitudinal designs Cross sectional designs

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN used to identify a phenomenon of interest, identify variables within the phenomenon, event or group in real life situations for the purpose of discovering new meaning, describing what exists, determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing information.
Descriptive research encompasses much government sponsored research including the population census, the collection of a wide range of social indicators and economic information such as household expenditure patterns, time use studies, employment and crime statistics and the like.

.A relatively concrete description might describe the ethnic mix of a community, the changing age prole of a population or the gender mix of a workplace. Alternatively the description might ask more abstract questions such as `Is the level of social inequality increasing or declining?', `How secular is society?' or `How much poverty is there in this community?'Accurate descriptions of the level of unemployment or poverty have historically played a key role in social policy reforms (Marsh, 1982).

SURVEY DESIGNS are employed to measure the existing phenomenon without injuring into why it exists. The main intention is to use the data for PROBLEMSOLVING RATHER THAN for HYPOTHESIS.
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Describes POPULATION USE after name n ginawa

School survey Community survey Normative survey-survey the average Social survey-comes to opinion(i.e SWS-happiness quotient)

CORRELATIONAL DESIGNS help one determine the extent to which different variables are RELATED to each other in the population interest (i.e X Y changes=they are related)
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Inverse relationship--(up, down) Direct relationship-+

COMPARATIVE DESIGNS examine and describe DIFFERENCE in variables in TWO or MORE GROUPS that occur naturally in setting.
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Retrospective-compare to past (cause-expost facto) prospective study-compare to future (effect)

disadvantage of retro is magkakaroon ng memory bias.. Madaya!

TIME DIMENSIONAL DESIGNS were developed within the discipline of epidemiology where the occurrence and distribution of disease among populations are studied. These designs examine sequences and patterns of change, growth or changeover time. The dimension of TIME BECOMES AN IMPORTANT FACTOR. LONGITUDINAL DESIGNS examine changes in the same subjects over an extended period.
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Longitudinal studies are based on panel methods and panel data. A panel is a sample of respondents who are interviewed not only once but thereafter from time to time. Heredata to be collected relate to same variables but the measurements are taken repeatedly

LONGITUDINAL DESIGNS examine changes in the same subjects over an extended period.
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Longitudinal studies are based on panel methods and panel data. A panel is a sample of respondents who are interviewed not only once but thereafter from time to time. Here data to be collected relate to same variables but the measurements are taken repeatedly
For example, purchase of grocery products by families/ households at regular intervals.Such data will reflect/indicate change in the buying behaviour of families/households. There are many advantages and limitations of panel data. Panel data are suitable when the researcher undertake detailed analysis. Similarly, panel data are more comprehensive as compared to data collected from individual families. Finally, panel data collected is more accurate as compared to data collected through survey. These advantages of panel data improve the quality of research findings and conclusions.

CROSS SECTIONAL DESIGNS are used to examine groups of subjects in various stages of developmental simultaneously with the intent to describe changes in the phenomenon across stages.

Characteristics of true experiment

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Manipulation:the researcher manipulates (provides treatment or intervention in the experimental group) Control group:imposing of rules by the researcher to decrease the possibility of error and increase the probability that the studys findings are an accurate reflection of reality (no tx)
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Ways of control
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Homogenecity-the researcher limits the subjects to only one level of extraneous variable to reduce then impact on study findings Blocking-including the extraneous variable as part of the design Matching-it is used when a subject in the experimental group is randomly selected and then a subject similar in relation to important extraneous variables is randomly selected for the control group.

Randomization each individual in the population should have a greater than zero opportunity to be selected for the sample. Random assignment of subjects to tx conditions in a manner determined by chance
(assignment by chance)-

True experimental designs

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1. pre test-post test control group design

2 groups (1 control group) ` Random ` Pretest(measure before) ` Treatment ` Posttest 2. Post test ONLYcontrol group design 2groups,random,NO PRETEST, tx, posttest 3. Solomon Four group design(wisest) 4 groups,random,pretest, tx,posttest
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QUASI EXPERIMENT-manipulation only i.e. xenical(iv)=wtloss(dv) (target:obese)

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1.non equivalent control group design

2groups(1control),NOT RANDOM,pretest,tx,posttest 11.Time series design repeated pretest,tx,repeated posttest 111. One group pretest-posttest design 1group,pretest,tx,posttest (colgate commercial) 1V. One shot case study tx,posttest(coconut oil-headlice)

THREATS TO EXPERIMENTAL VALIDITY

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Internal validity-refers to the condition that the observed differences on the dependent variable are a direct result of the manipulation of the independent variable, not some other variable
.(the change in the dependent variable is caused only by the independent variable)

If there wer others causes, we call them threats to internal validity

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Selection bias:c ontrol& experimental group are different History:an EVENT influences the result Maturation: physical change in subjects Testing: knowing the PRETEST SCORE affects the POSTTEST Instrumentation: change Mortality: DIFFERENT DROP OUT RATES, between two groups

External validity-the result of the study applies to other people & other setting (meaning: outside)
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Threats to external validity

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Experimental effects-researcher influences subjects

Rosenthal effect-if the research is descriptive

Reactive effects of the pretest-subjects become sensitized (nasanay) by pretest

Hawthorne effect-subjects behave differently when aware of being observed

Qualitative designs
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Uses systematic, interactive approach which is used to describe life experiences and give them meaning. Phenomenological design-used to describe EXPERIENCES as they are lived Bracketing is the suspension of the researchers preconceptions, prejudices and beliefs so that they do not interfere with or influences their description of the respondents experience

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Grounded theory study-develop new theories, provides a way to transcend experience

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Method: observation in fields/natural setting Ethnographic study-culture of groupsexplain, describe culture

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Best method by: participant observation Case study-in depth study of a person or institution Historical studies-identifies, evaluates data from the past
Classification of historical data
Documents:on paper Relic/artifact:items of physical evidence Sources ` Primary-self ` Secondary-retold by others

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IMPORTANCE / UTILITY OF RESEARCH DESIGN Research design is important as it prepares proper framework within which the research work/activity will be actually carried out Research design acts as a blue print for the conduct of the whole research project. It introduces efficiency in investigation and generates confidence in the final outcome of the study. Research design gives proper direction and time-table to research activity. It keeps adequate check on the research work and ensures its completion within certain time limit. It keeps the whole research projection the right track. Research design avoids possible errors as regards research problem, information requirement and so on. It gives practical orientation to the whole research work and makes it relevant to the marketing problems faced by the sponsoring organization. Finally, it makes the whole research process compact and result-oriented. A researcher should not go ahead with his research project unless the research design is planned properly.
The best research design is the one that is most appropriate for the problem and the purpose of the study.