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Data
Data
A necessity for almost any enterprise to carry out its business. Consists of raw facts, and when organized may be transformed into information
Database
A collection of data organized to meet users needs
Prof. Rushen Chahal From a technical standpoint, DBMSs can differ widely. The terms
Hierarchy of Data
Schematic
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Hierarchy of data
Example
Personel file
Database
Department file Payroll file 005-10-6321 Johns Francine 10-7-65 549-77-1001 Buckley Bill 2-17-79 098-40-1370 Fiske Steven 1-5-85
(Project database)
Files
(Personnel file)
Fiske
1000100
(Letter F in ASCII)
Terminology
Database
A collection of integrated and related files
File
A collection of related records
Record
A collection of related fields
Field
A group of characters
Character
Basic building block of information, represented by a byte
Attribute
A characteristic of an entity; something the entity is identified by E.g., Customer name, Employee name
Keys
A field or set of fields in a record that is used to identify the record E.g, A field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Key field
Attributes (fields)
Entities (records)
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Schematic
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Data
Files Payroll
Users Reports
Invoicing
Invoicing programs
Reports
Inventory control
Reports
Management inquiries
Reports
Drawbacks
Data redundancy
Duplication of data in separate files
Program-data dependence
A situation in which program and data organized for one application are incompatible with programs and data organized differently for another application
Database Approach
The database approach
A pool of related data is shared by multiple application programs Rather than having separate data files, each application uses a collection of data that is either joined or related in the database
Schematic
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Payroll program Payroll data Inventory data Invoicing Data Other data Other programs Database Interface Applications programs Inventory program
Reports
Reports
Invoicing program
Reports
Reports
Users
Advantages
Improved strategic use of corporate data Reduced data redundancy Improved data integrity Easier modification and updating Data and program independence Better access to data and information Standardization of data access A framework for program development Better overall protection of the data Shared data and information resources
Disadvantages
Relatively high cost of purchasing and operating a DBMS in a mainframe operating environment Increased cost of specialized staff Increased vulnerability
Schematic
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Last name
Attributes
Colour
Entities
First name
Customer
Order
Product
Name
Schematic
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Project 1
Department A
Department B
Department C
Employee 1
Employee 2
Employee 3
Employee 4
Employee 5
Employee 6
Project 1
Project 2
Department A
Department B
Department C
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Schematic
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Projecting
Data manipulation that eliminates columns in a table
Joining
Data manipulation that combines two or more tables
Linked
Relating tables in a relational database together
Schematic
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Hire Date Dept. Number 10-7-65 2-17-79 1-5-85 257 650 598
Screen snap
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Subschema
A file that contains a description of a subset of the database and identifies which users can perform modifications on the data items in that subset
Schematic
Prof. Rushen Chahal
DBMS
Schema
Subschema A
Subschema B
Subschema C
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
User 5
Schema Discussion
Pronounced skee-ma, the structure of a database system, described in a formal language supported by the database management system (DBMS). In a relational database, the schema defines the tables, the fields in each table, and the relationships between fields and tables. Schemas are generally stored in a data dictionary. Although a schema is defined in text database language, the term is often Prof. Rushen Chahal used
Schematic
Prof. Rushen Chahal
SCHEMA DESCRIPTION SCHEMA NAME IS XXXX AUTHOR XXXX DATE XXXX FILE DESCRIPTION FILE NAME IS XXXX ASSIGN XXXX FILE NAME IS XXXX ASSIGN XXXX AREA DESCRIPTION AREA NAME IS XXXX RECORD DESCRIPTION RECORD NAME ISXXXX RECORD ID IS XXXX LOCATION MODE ISXXXX WITHIN XXX AREA FROM XXXX THRU XXXX SET DESCRIPTION SET NAME IS XXXX ORDER IS XXXX MODE IS XXXX MEMBER IS XXXX . . .
Data Dictionary
Data Dictionary
A detailed description of all data used in the database
Schematic
Prof. Rushen Chahal
NORTHWESTERN MANUFACTURING PREPARED BY: DATE: APPROVED BY: VERSION: PAGE: DATA ELEMENT NAME: DESCRIPTION: OTHER NAMES: VALUE RANGE: DATA TYPE: POSITIONS: D. BORDWELL 04 AUGUST J. EDWARDS 3.1 1 OF 1
DATE:
13 OCTOBER
PARTNO INVENTORY PART NUMER PTNO 100 TO 5000 NUMERIC 4 POSITIONS OR COLUMNS
Schematic
Prof. Rushen Chahal
DBMS
Management inquiries
Other software
Application programs
Manipulating Data
Concurrency control
A method of dealing with a situation in which two or more people need to access the same record in a database at the same time
Database Output
Screen snap
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Distributed Databases
Distributed database
A database in which the actual data may be spread across several smaller databases connected via telecommunications devices
Pretty picture
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Data Warehouse
Data warehouse
A relational database management system designed specifically to support management decision making Current evolution of Decision Support Systems (DSSs)
Data mart
A subset of a data warehouse for small and mediumsize businesses or departments within larger companies
Schematic
Prof. Rushen Chahal
Hierarchical databases
Network databases
Flat files
Data wharehouse
Data mining
Provides bottom-up, discovery-driven analysis
Schematic
Prof. Rushen Chahal
dBASE
ODBC Import
ACCESS database
ODBC Export
Paradox database
ODBC Link
Hypertext
Users can search and manipulate alphanumeric data in an unstructured way
Hypermedia
Allows businesses to search and manipulate multimedia forms of data