ANTHROPOLOGY

ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropos + logos - Anthropology Anthropo- Human logos - Science ANTHROPOLOGIST - ARISTOTLE

DEFINITIONS
KROEBER Anthropology is the science of
groups of men and their behavior and production. JACOBS & STERN Anthropology is the scientific study of the physical, social, and cultural development and behavior of human beings since their appearance on the earth.

Classification of anthropology


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

HUMAN GENETICS HUMAN PALEONTOLOGY ETHNOLOGY ANTHROPOMETRY BIOMETRY

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

1. 2.

PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Physical anthropology is concerned with man as a physical organism in time & space Study of the man through evolutionary processes  study of human populations BEALS & HOIJER The study of processes where by man developed from his non human ancestors and the continuing process of change still slowly altering his bodily form.


PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
HUMAN GENETICS E.C.COLIN Genetics is the branch of biology which deals with the laws and principles of heredity and variation as observed in plants, in animals and in human. HUMAN PALEONTOLOGY Websters New International Dictionary Human paleontology is the science that deals with life of the past geographical periods.

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
ETHNOLOGY S.S DUBE Ethnology is a comparative study of the races and culture of mankind in their different aspects. ANTHROPOMETRY HERSKOVITS The measurements of man BIOMETRY CHARLES WINIK Biometry is the statistical analysis of biological studies specially as applied to such areas as disease, birth, growth, and death.

Cultural anthropology
E.A . HOEBEL Culture is the sum total of learned behavioral patterns . 1. PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY BEALS & HOIJER It deals with ancient cultures and with past phases of modern civilization. .

Cultural anthropology
2. SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY CHARLES WINIK Social anthropology is the study of social behavior especially from the point of view of the systematic comparative study of social forms and institutions.

Human evolution
PRIMATOLOGY PRIMATE PALEONTOLOGY Mammal

Protheria

Theria Metatheria Eutheria

Primate

Characteristics of primates
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Limbs - prehensile Thumb / great toe Nails - grasping function Teeth - adopted for mixed food Mammary gland - lactation Brain - well developed Clavicle

Classification of primates


Prosimian anthropoidea

Classification of primates
1.

    

Prosimian primates ( 60 mil years ) a. lemuroidea - lemur, loris b. torsoidea - torsier Earliest true primates Well developed cerebellar cortices Limbs had highly mobile joints Unspecialised tooth cusps Dental formula I 2/2 C1/1 PM 3/3 M3/3

ANTHROPOIDEA

1. Ceboidea ( Platyrrhine of New World Monkeys) 2. Cercopithecoidea ( Catarrine Of Old World Monkeys ) 3. Hominoidea

ANTHROPOIDEA
CEBOIDEA ( spider monkey ) The higher primates Dental formula I 2/2, C1/1, PM2/2, M3/3  4 blunt cusps on molars


ANTHROPOIDEA
Cercopithecidae ( Macaque monkey )
1. 2. 3.

Arboreal in their habits Non prehensile tails Dental formula I2/2, C1/1, PM2/2, M3/3

HOMINOIDEA
Hominoidea is further sub divided into
 

Pongids Australopithecines

ANTHROPOIDEA
Pongids ( Great apes ) Ex : Gibbons, Gorillas, Orang-utans, Chimpanzees
   

Large brains Pelvic girdle & legs became more robust Orangutans remained arboreal Chimpanzees, gorillas are quadripedal

HOMINOIDS
AUSTRALOPITHECINES First bipedal fossil anthropoids found in rocks of Eastern & South Africa ( 1-3.6 mil years ago ) HOMO ERUCTUS ( Upright man )

HOMOSAPIENS SAPIENS ( Cro-magnon man )

HOMOSAPIENS NIANDERTHALENSIS ( Neanderthal man )

Neanderthal man
skull-Very large -Dolico cephalic -Face is highly developed with maxillay prognathism -Lower jaw is strong & large -chin is less prominent -human dentition -canine is of ordinary size

Cro-magnon man
Skulllarge & massive -face is short, and flat -maxillary region shows less marked prognathism -lower jaw is strong & not massive -a well marked chin

MODERN MAN
Final steps to modern man ( 20 mil years )
1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

Remarkable increase in brain size gave the forehead a more domed appearance Folding of cerebral cortex Bipedal walking Use of hands for manipulation Occipital ridges became small

MODERN MAN
7. Simplification of nasal region 8. Reduced prognathism 9. Chin increased in prominence 10. Angle between base of the skull and cervical vertebrae is 900

Evolution of human face

Face is the seat of principle sense organs In lower vertebrates No fully ossified skeleton Jaw muscles are merely modified gill arch muscles Teeth are specialisations of tough shagreen or skin with minute calcified papillae or denticles In the amphibians The bony plates behind the jaws have disappeared, leaving an exposed area orbit notch

In the fossil, mammal like reptiles The bony mask of the temporal region is perforated Complex dentary lower jaw Dentary becomes enlarged & presses external pterygoid muscle, forming the cushion meniscus ( glenoid fossa ) Heat regulating devices Forward migration of neck muscles Bony mask was replaced by skin

FACIAL FORM
Each persons face is a custom made original Anthropologists can reconstructs the face from a dry skull The biologic rationale underlying common variations : 1. Different facial types 2. Male & female developmental facial differences 3. Child & adult facial differences

Head form
Two general extremes  Dolicocephalic ( long, narrow ) leptoprosopic Brachycephalic ( Wide, short, globular ) euryprosopic

DOLICOCEPHALIC
Nose is longer & Protrusive with Aquiline type of Nasal contour  Convex profile  Cheek bones are less prominent  Longer, narrower, & deeper maxillary arch & palate  Downward & backward rotation of the mandible  Receding chin


BRACHYCEPHALIC
Nose is protrusively shorter (rounded tip )  Prominent cheek bones  Concave / straight profile  Wider, shorter and more shallow palate and maxillary arch  Mandible is more protrusive  More prominent chin


DINARIC HEAD FORM

Dinaric Alps, Yugoslavia Brachycephalised dolicocephalic Flattened occipital regions Bossing of parietal regions Skull has triangular configuration Fore head is sloping & the profile tending towards orthognathic Mandible tends to be less retrusive

Male versus female features

Size & configuration of the nose  Fore head  Cheek bones  upper jaw look more prominent in females


Child versus adult features

  

Nasal part is small Dentition ( primary & permanent ) Jaw bones (masticatory musles & airway) Head form Sexual dimorphism

Child versus adult features

Childs face is not a miniature of the adult face 1. Forehead 2. Face appears diminutive in child 3. Nasal region 4. Eyes appears wide set 5. Mandible is small 6. chin is incompletely formed

Evolution of teeth
Lobe finned fishes - upper & lower jaws had bone bearing plates ( labyrinthodont ) - peg formed teeth Reptiles & mammals  teeth are set in separate sockets  cone shaped canines  milk teeth & permanent teeth

RACE
A group that differs from other classes or human group by virtue of some specific physiological characteristics that are found uniformly within that group - Maclver & page

RACIAL CLASSIFICATION
Important characters used for racial determination :  skin colour  hair  head form  face  nose  eye  stature  blood groups

CLASSIFICATION
CATEGORIES OF CRITERIA
  

COMMON VARIABLE CHARACTERS COMMON PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS RARE GENETIC CHARACTERS

RACIAL CLASSIFICATION
1. NEGROID 2. CAUCASOID 3. MANGOLOID AUSTRALOIDS

NEGROIDS
African negroes & oceanic negros
     

woolly or frizzly hair on the head Black coloured skin Nose is broad and flat Lips are thick and everted Facial prognathism Brow ridges are small

MANGOLOID
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
  

Black, straight, coarse hair Yellowish brown colour skin Broad flat face with prominent cheek bones Mangoloid fold

MANGOLOIDS
CLASSIC / CENTRAL MANGOLOID -Northern Chaina, Tibet& Mangolia 2. ARCTIC / ESKIMOID -Northern Asia, arctic coast of north America 3. INDONESIAN - MALAY MANGOLOID -Japan, Thailand, Southern China 4. AMERICAN INDIAN -North, Middle, and South America
1.

CAUCASOID
Skin fair, olive & all shades of brown Hair flat, wavy to various degrees of curliness Head form dolicocephalic to brachycephalic Nose leptorrhine to mesorrhine Jaws no prognathism Chin - pronounced

CAUCASOIDS
1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

MEDITERRANEAN- all sea shores ( India, Spain, Portugal, France etc. ) NORDIC Scandinavians, Northern Germany, Northern France ALPINE Central Europe EAST BALTIC North eastern Germany, Poland, Baltic states DINARIC Dinaric alps region in Yugoslavia

CAUCASOIDS
6. ARMENOIDS turkey, Syria,Palestine Iraq, Iran 7. CELTIC Iceland, Scotland and western Europe 8. LAPP Norway, Sweden 9. INDO-DRAVIDIAN south & central India 10. POLYNESIAN Polynesian islands of the pacific e.g. New Zealand 11. AINU ancient stock of Japan

Australoids
They closely resemble the Caucasoids in many characters
1. 2.

Australian aborigins -Australia Pre-Dravidian ( veddoid )- South and central India including Typical Indian tribes

Races in india
Sir Herbert Risley ( > 75 yrs ) Based on Indo-Aryans ( west ) mangoloids ( east)  Dravidian  Indo Aryan  Mangoloid

RACES IN INDIA
Based on the measurements on the samples of indian population Risley
1.

2. 3.

Turko- iranian they inhabitat the Baluchistan ( now in Pakistan ). Tall in nature& brachycephalic Indo- aryan eastern part of Punjab Rajastan & Kashmir. Tall & fair complexioned Scytho-dravidian- hilly traces of Madhya pradesh, & Coorg. Medium statured & Brachycephalic

Aryo- dravidian U.P. Rajastan & Bihar. Short statured & mesocephalic Mangolo- dravidian- Bengal & Orissa Stature is medium & sometimes short, round headed with medium nose Mangoloid Himalayan regions ( Nepal, Bhutan, Assam, & North eastern states

Dental anthropology
Beginning - Eighties of 18th century Recognised - 20th century Founder of american journal of physical anthropology Ales Hrdlicka The term dental anthropology was used in early 1900s

Different aspects of anthropology ( applied anthropology )

    

Dental development Dental pathology Dental morphology Forensic odontology odontometry

DENTAL DEVELOPMENT
Tooth eruption standards which are relatively independent of general body growth and skeletal maturation are of great significance in the diagnosis & treatment planning of children with growth disturbances protein-calorie malnutrition ( PCM )

PATHOLOGY
Dental caries it is a pathologic condition of the teeth resulting in the decalcification of the dentin, enamel and the disintegration of the remaining organic material often leading to the loss of teeth. Caries susceptibility expresses the inherent or acquired proneness to caries Low incidence of caries in the prehistoric as also in the living tribal communities coarse & fibrous food products

DENTAL MORPHOLOGY
Teeth are best preserved & most easily accessible anatomical system of the body. pioneering studies Hrdlicka, Dahlberg, Campbell, Hellmen, Krogman, Moorrees etc.

1.Supernumerary teeth or hyperdontia - causes dental disturbances by interfering with normal eruption - either peg shaped or have large crown - Higher frequency in the maxilla -Campbell conducted a study on the skulls and living Australian aborigines.(1.8% )

2.Carabellis cusp or anomaly Von Carabelli in 1842 Its occurrence back to paleolithic man An elevation or tubercle on the lingual surface of the mesio-lingual cusp of the maxillary molars particularly the first one A marker for differentiation between different ethnic groups.

3.Shovel-shaped incisors SHOVELLING Muhlreiter ( 1870 ) A condition resulting from a combination of a concave lingual surface and elevated mesial and distal marginal ridges enclosing a central fossa in the upper and lower incisor teeth Hrdlicka ( 1911 ) had done pioneering work in dental anthropology and reported pronounced shovelling in the incisors of american indians

Acco. to Hrdlicka 4 grades of shovelling Shovel- enamel rim has well developed fossa 2. Semi shovel- enamel rim is distinct but with shallower fossa 3. Trace shovel- enamel rim has distinct traces 4. No shovel- enamel rim has no fossa HELLMAN marked, medium, trace, and absent
1.

4.Diastema It is a space or gap present between the maxillary central incisors or between the lateral incisors and canines Former median diastema (combined with small laterla incisors or large labial frenum) Latter lateral diastema (found in anthropoid apes & certain fossil men )

5. Crowding Lasker inheritence of large teeth from one parent and a small jaw from the other 6. Cingulum or lingual cusp A shelf or swelling which is found on the tooth just above the central line Site of development of many supernumerary cusps

7. Occlusion Relationship between the masticatory surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth when the mouth is closed -heriditory factors -environmental factors The term malocclusion is illdefined and biased - corrucini & whitley

1. Overjet normal (2-4mm), - positive (>5mm) - extreme positive(>7mm) - negative, extreme negative 2. Overbite3. Posterior cross bite 4.buccal segment relation

FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
Deals with the identification & study of human teeth identification of a person involved in mass disasters ( autobobile/aircraft accidents, floods, building collapse and industrial hazards)

ODONTOMETRY
Tooth size standards based on odontometry can be used in the age & sex determination of skeletal and also living population Studies males have larger teeth (mesio distal crown diameters ) - canines show greatest amount of sexual dimorphism -Europeans have smaller teeth than mangolians or other racial groups

Dr.V. Rami reddy conducted a retrospective cross sectional study on population of Gulbarga disrtict (1971-1975)
1. 2. 3.

Eruptiion pattern Dental caries Dental morphology

. .

AIMS & OBJECTIVES

1.

2.

3.

To indicate the general and detailed eruption pattern of different types of deciduous and permanent teeth by variables such as sex, age and economic status. To indicate the general and detailed prevalence of caries in both deciduous & permanent teeth by above variables To indicate the general & detailed frequency occurrence of various morphological traits.

Deciduous & permanent dental eruption

  

The times of onset as well as completion of eruption are earlier in females than males Mandibular teeth precedes over maxillary teeth in both sexes Teeth eruption is fast in higher income group children

Dental caries deciduous dentition

By sex  Male children (33.4%)>female children( 26.8% ) By income  Lower income group > upper income group By age  Central incisors 5 years  Lateral incisors 3 years  Canines 6 years  First & second molars 7 to 10 years

Dental caries permanent dentition

By sex  Difference is insignificant (females > males ) By income  Upper income group > middle & lower By age  Incisors 22 to 23 years  Canines free from the disease  Premolars & molars 22-23 years

Dental morphology
Supernumerary teeth Permanent dentition ( 0.86% ) > deciduous dentition ( 0.06% ) Maxilla > mandible Ruffer ( 1920 ) Carabellis anomaly 35% out of total deciduous teeth& 27% of permanent dentition Female > male

Dental morphology
Crowding both dentitions Female > male Diastema Deciduous teeth > permanent teeth -Male > female

Epidemological transition Phenomenon of changes in frequencies of certain serious diseases omeron (1971) diseases of civilisation or western diseases Trowell & Burkitt

Epidemolodic transition in minor diseases

 

Chronic allergy cows milk, dust, pollution and food additives Oral breathing facial collapse syndrome - narrowing of the upper arch - buccal cross bites

Bite force studies normal adult chewing 15-17kg of force maximum - 28-39kg of force Bite force is relevant to the functional aspects of dento-facial dysplasia. Ordinary chewing and maximum bite forces were significantly higher among more traditional rural Punjabi youths than among urban youths - Corruccini & Kaul

Solution is the restoration of proper function by means of chewing hard , fibrous foods stimulate the masticatory apparatus - greater flow of the alkaline saliva

Evolution of teeth


Non mammalian vertebrates Polyphyodonty During growth of the animal increase in the jaw size is associated with tooth size (Trout number will increase ) In mammals Diphyodonty (2 dentitions )

Dentition of fishes ( agnatha )

EX; Sea lamprey
  

No true calcified teeth Arranged circumferentially Horny teeth are also seen on the tongue

Chondrichthyes (bony fishes )

  

All types of dental specialisations Homodont & polyphyodont Teeth are covered by enameloid lower jaw of shark

osteochthyes

  

Haplodont prehention Polyphyodont Teeth- vomer, palatine bones roof of the mouth & tongue

Amphibia


Small, homodont, polyphyodont prehension In the frog small teeth on the upper jaw & no teeth on the lower jaw

Reptiles

Homodont & polyphyodont  Tend to be tricuspid or cone shaped  Egg teeth in embryos of lizards & snakes - used to break the shell


Dentition of mammals
  

Heterodont ( 4 types ) Restricted to 2 rows Ability to masticate improves digestive efficiency for high rate of metabolism

Other features
     

TMJ articulation Salivary glands Prismatic enamel Diphyodonty Secondary palate Significant muscle development

Dentition of protheria


Spiny ant eater edentulous Duck bulled platypus 3 functional posterior teeth in each jaw quadrant A No. additional teeth develop but do not erupt or resorb

Metatheria


An unusual feature only last premolar will have a successor Anteriorly many teeth are present but not functional Morphology is same with placental animals Dental formula 3/3, 0/0, 1/1, 4/4

Eutheria
Insectivoral Ex; hedge hog
 

Molars primitive trabacular form with sharp, high cusps which interdigitate with those of the opposite jaw Suitable for crushing the shells of insects

Rodentia
Ex; rat

  

Heterogenous Continuously growing incisors DF 1/1, 0/0. 0/0, 3/3

Carnivora

 

Enlarged canines offensive weapons More prominent specialisations are in cat family

Primates
Prosimian Ex; lemur Herbivorous & insectivorous DF 2/2, 1/1, 3/3, 3/3 Lower incisors & canines are prominent mid line diastema

Anthropoidea

   

Macaca monkey DF 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3 Canines are long & prominent ( esp. in male ) Lateral diastema

Differences between apes & man

 

 

Apes U shaped arches Edge to edge incisor relation Male canines are large Lateral diastema Pointed cusps

man parabolic overlap of upper & lower incisors no sexual dimorphism no lateral diastema rounded cusps

ANTHROPOSCOPY
Anthropos human Skopein - examine Judging the body by inspection Cannot be expressed numerically Head must be in the rest position the relationship of paired features will be assessed

  

Criteria for judgment



examiners esthetic perception & experience Paired features are judged for level, contour & size

Qualitative signs


Head

1.Hairline distinctive, indistinctive 2.Forehead unilaterally protruding forehead

Face
1.

FACIAL PROFILE Normal Bird like

Dish like

Shape of the face

Proportionate Long& narrow short& wide

Shape of the face

square triangular trapezoid

Facial mid axis quality

In midline concave with dislocated chin

Chin contour
Indented flat

ANTHROPOMETRY
It is a systematised art of measuring and taking observations of man, his skeleton, his brain or other organs, by the most reliable means and methods for scientific purposes -ALES HRDLICKA

Anthropos -human & metron -measure Anthropometry represents the typical and traditional tool of physical anthropology Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840) 3 types of head form 1. Square 2. Long 3. Laterally compressed

Broca, Flower, Turner further developed the study of the skulls on the foundations laid by Blumenbach Father of Anthropometry BROCA Brocas methods were universal until 1870 In 1874, Ihering pointed out the weaknesses in Brocas method craniometric conferences were held at Munich(1877) and Berlin(1880)

Kollmann, Ranke, and Virchow prepared a scheme for craniometric techniques. This was presented and approved at the 13th general congress of the German Anthropological Society held at Frankfurt (1882)

SUBDIVISIONS OF ANTHROPOMETRY


SOMATOMETRY -Living body including

Osteometry Craniometry Physiometry

 

head and face -Skeletal long and short bones -Skull -Bodily & mental functions

MEASURING TOOLS & TECHNIQUES REQUISITES 1. 2. 3. 4. Should be accurate Not easily distorted Handy or easy to manipulate Easily transportable for field work

The standard instruments

sliding caliper - it measures the linear projective distances between 2 land marks in the same plane Ex; eye fissure length,mouth width

2. Spreading caliper

When the projective linear distance has to be determined between distant surfaces and various planes Ex; length of the head & width of the head

Soft metric tape Used for determining the tangential linear distances taken along the skin surface between 2 land marks Ex; maxillary & mandibular arcs of the face

Large double sliding calipers with levels used when measuring projective distances involving the vertex and the opisthocranion land marks of the head

Measuring tools with various modifications  Nose deviation protractor  Nostril inclination protractor  Nasal root and alar- slope angle meter

Multipurpose facial angle meter

Pointed portion measuring nasofrontal,nasolabial, mentolabial angles Small & large forked portions determining the nasal tip & mentocervical angles

Commercial angle meter

Selection of subjects
Selection will be on the basis of  Blood 1.between individuals of same race 2. Between individuals of different race


Normalcy pathologic conditions & anomalies alter the size, shape, & other characters ( rachtis, pagets disease, & clefts ) Age & sex

Age 1. Eruption of teeth 2. Union of epiphysis 3. Condition of teeth 4. Condition of cranial structures - sutures 5. General condition of the weight of the bones

Positioning the subject

Subjects to be seated in the dental chair with the head resting on the head support Head of the examiner must be level with the head of the subject Standard orientation of the head FH plane  Projective measurements

FACIAL MID LINE

3 anatomic points
  

The nasion ( root of the nose ) The subnasale (base of the columella ) The gnathion / menton (lower edge of the mandible

Land marks
Certain anatomic points used to take body measurements Short abbreviations used instead of full names ( small letters ) ex; nasion n Land marks may have similar name but differ in location Ex; porion To avoid errors they should be marked on the skin

Head
Vertex highest point of the head  Glabella most prominent midline point between eyebrows  Opisthocranion most posterior point of the line of greatest head length  Eurion the most prominent lateral point on each side of the skull


Land marks

Measurements of head region

HORIZONTAL HEAD POSITION 1. Width of the head eu to eu 2. Width of the forehead - ft to ft 3. Skull base width - t to t

Perpendicular head position

Height of the culvarium v-tr 2. Anterior height of the head v-n 3. Specific height of the head v-en 4. Height of the head & nose v to sn 5. Combined height of the head & face v to gn
1.

Length of the head g to op

Circumference of the head

Face

Width of the face zy to zy Width of the mandible go to go

Height of the upper profile tr to prn  Height of the lower profile prn to gn  Lower half of the cranio- facial height en to gn


Facial arc measurements



Supra-orbital arc Maxillary arc Mandibular arc

Height of the mandibular ramus go to cdl Depth of the body go to gn

Depth measurements of the face

1. 2. 3. 4.

Tragion-glabellar depth Tragion-nasion depth Tragion-subnasaledepth Tragion-gnathion depth

Nose

Nasofrontal angle

Angle between the proximal nasal bridge contour and the anterior surface of the forehead below the glabella

Nasal tip angle

Angle between columella & nasal bridge

Naso labial angle ( septolabial angle or columella labial angle)



Angle between columella & upper lip skin

Lips & mouth

Width of the mouth ( inter commisural distance )


ch to ch

Upper lip height Sn to sto  Height of the skin portion of the upper lip sn to ls  Height of the skin portion of the lower lip li to sl  Lower lip height - sto to sl


Vermilion height of the upper lip ls to sto



Vermilion height of the lower lip sto to li



Labio mental angle between skin surface of the lower lip and the surface contour of the chin

Sources of errors in anthropometry & anthroposcopy

Commonest sources of error:
  

Improper identification of landmarks Inadequate use of measuring equipment Improper measuring technique

anthropometry
Improper identification of land marks: Soft tissue land marks easy to locate in a healthy person face & difficult in a deformed face Bony land marks palpation easy to locate orbitale difficult to locate gonion In congenitally deformed faces reference to adjacent structures

Head


Vertex depends upon the FH plane Eurion difficult to locate on irregular surface Glabella replaced by a point in the mid axis of the face at the level of the upper ridge of the eyebrows Trichion difficult to locate in early childhood, & at the first stages of baldness

Face


Zygion difficult to locate in 1st & 2nd brachial arch syndromes Gonion difficult if they are covered with thick skin & hypo plastic mandible Pogonion difficult in receding chin & falso pogonion protrusion Gnathion markedly receding lower jaw

Nose


Nasion difficult after injuries, noses with silastic implants, deep naso-frontal angle Subnasale at the bottom of the curve of the curve but difficult to locate in sharp angle Pronasale best viewed from profile difficult in bifid nose with uneven tip heights

Lips & mouth



Stomion mid point of the labial fissure dislocated mouth- philtrum Labrale superious position varies after surgery of cleft lip Chelion points at right & left commisures of the labial fissure difficult in older patients because of a fine shallow ridge of the skin repeated inspection

Problems with measuring tools

   

Standard measurements are not used If they are used improperly examiner should be familiar with the areas Accuracy varies with instruments sliding calipers accurate sliding calipers up to 3mm error tape shortens the distance when pressed & should be tightened to eliminate the effect of the hair fabric tape follows the contours of the face

Improper measuring technique



POSITION OF THE HEAD improper measurements ( especially projective measurements ) Head tends to return to the rest position during examination must be checked before measurement 50 to 100 of error in inclination

 

In patients with asymmetric FHs, the difference between two horizontals must be assessed Farkas left FH is closer to the rest position

FACIAL MID LINE border between right & left halves Errors can be made in judging the facial asymmetry Nasion is the most stable point The heights will be changed with expressions on the face ( crying, smiling )

Anthroposcopy


Errors result from Incorrect positioning of the patients head Wrong angle of view of the examiners eyes Poor lighting Poor esthetic assessment & talent

1. 2.

3. 4.

Head Visual judgment of the height of the fore head depends on the 1. Position of the head during inspection 2. Inclination of the fore head 3. Position of the ears Face  Lower face height would appear small in the presence of a receding mandible

Lips & mouth Frontal view size of the upper lip depends on the naso-labial angle & the position of the skin surface Curved nasolabial angle & protruding skin short upper lip Vertical upper lip & obtuse angle longer lip

Nose

Applied anthropometry

Anthropometry in cleft lip & palate patients

 

  

Combined orthodontic & surgical treatment Poor esthetics and nasal deformity ( displacement of the soft tissue elements ) Esthetics no uniform definition Goals - Balance & harmony Accepted standards

  

Common technique visual assessment based on the rating scale - subjective & unreliable Radiographic cephalometry Photographs Physical anthropometry objective documentation of facial features - determination of need for surgery -comparison of facial features before & after surgery

Morphological study of growth patterns of nasolabial region Farkas 6 measurements in 1593 north American Caucasians ( 1 to 18 yrs ) Age 1 highest growth of the cutaneous portion of the upper lip & width of the nose Age 5 upper lip reaches adult size Age 14 to 15 nose is fully developed

  

In craniomaxillo- facial surgery

Anthropometry is the objective analysis that replaces subjective judgement
   

Mean , standard deviations of key facial measurements at varied ages Rate of growth of each facial region Growth completion of each region Times of maturation

    

Diagnosis of dysmorphology Treatment of syndromic patients In cosmetic surgery Reconstructive surgery Ortyhognathic surgery

In forensic medicine


Identification of missing children age 8 age 18