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Unit 3: Simple Machines

A Mechanism is a device which is able to transform a movement into another one

MECHANISMS They change the speed,

the direction,

the force

or the type of movement (rotary or linear).

For example, a lift needs to go up and down, but the motor that moves the lift has a rotary motion. Between the motor and the lift there is a mechanism that transforms the rotary movement of the electric motor into a linear up and down movement.

Levers

The lever is the most basic mechanism. It is normally made of a bar of wood or metal which pivots around a fixed point called a fulcrum. The load arm is the distance from the load to the fulcrum. The effort arm is the distance from the effort to the fulcrum.

Levers

Levers normally reduce the effort necessary to move a load, but they also reduce the speed at which a load is moved.

Levers
The force required to move the load can be calculated with an equation:

1st: Multiply the value of the load by the value of the load arm. 2nd: Divide the result of the product by the value of the effort arm.

Levers
There are three types of levers

First type of Lever: It is the lever in which the fulcrum is between the load and the effort.

Levers
Second type of lever: It has the load between the effort and the fulcrum.

Levers
Third type of lever: The effort is located between the load and the fulcrum.

Pulleys
A pulley is a wheel that turns when a rope or a chain passes through it. A simple pulley does not increase the speed of the rope nor reduce the effort needed to move a load. A simple pulley only changes the direction of the rope to be more ergonomic (easier to handle by a person).

Pulleys
For example, a lift needs to go up and down, but the motor that moves the lift has a rotary motion. Between the motor and the lift there is a mechanism that transforms the rotary movement of the electric motor into a linear up and down movement.

Pulleys
Types of pulleys 1st Fixed: A fixed pulley has a fixed axle. That is, the axle is "fixed" or anchored in a place ( maybe the roof). A fixed pulley is used to redirect the force in a rope. A fixed pulley has a mechanical advantage of 1

Inclined Plane
An inclined plane is a slanted surface used to raise an object. A ramp is an inclined plane. When an object is moved up an inclined plane, less effort is needed than if you were to lift it straight up, but, you must move the object over a greater distance.

Wedge
A wedge is an inclined plane which moves. Most wedges (but not all) are combinations of two inclined planes. A knife, axe, razor blade, and teeth are all good examples of wedges. Generally it can be anything that splits, cuts, or divides another object including air and water.

Screw
A screw, like a wedge, is another form of an inclined plane. A screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder to form a spiral.

Pulleys
2ndMovable: A movable pulley has a free axle. That is, the axle is "free" to move in space. A movable pulley is used to transform forces. A movable pulley has a mechanical advantage of 2.

Pulleys

We use double pulley to reduce the effort necessary to move a load. Thanks to the double pulley we can use smaller motors.

Pulleys and belts

A belt passes around two pulley wheels. If the driver wheel moves, it moves the belt and the belt moves the driven wheel. If both wheels have the same size, then the only purpose of the belt is to transmit the movement from the driver wheel (connected to the motor or to the engine) to the driven wheel.

Pulleys and belts

If the wheels are different sizes, then the smaller wheel will move faster, but with less force. In this case there is a transformation of the characteristics of the movement. Belts cannot transmit as much power as gears and are less efficient, but the transmission is smoother and quieter and the wheels do not have to be so close to each other.

Gear wheels and chains

Everyone has used a bicycle and noticed that it is driven by a large driver gear wheel (pedal gear) with pedals attached. Smaller gears at the back are driven round, in turn driving round the back wheel. As the back wheel turns the bicycle moves forwards. Gears driven by chains are used in motorcycles, in car engines , etc

Gears
Gears are toothed wheels that mesh with each other to transmit motion or to change speed, force or direction. The driver gear is the toothed wheel that is connected to the engine or motor. The driven gear is connected to the load. Sometimes the driver gear is called the "pinion".

Gears
Gears normally have the function of reducing the speed of rotation and increasing the force, but it is sometimes the opposite. The teeth of the wheels must be identical for the two wheels to mesh with each other. We can calculate the speed of the driven gear:

Bevel Gears
Bevel gears have their shafts at ninety degrees.

Remember, you don't have to draw the gears in detail. You can represent them using simple diagrams.

Worm Gear
Worm gears have a great speed reduction ratio, so they are used when you want to slow down a movement considerably. They also have their shafts at ninety degrees. The "worm gear" is the pinion (driver gear), it is like a screw. The driven gear is like a normal spur gear, although with the teeth slightly twisted. For calculations, the "worm gear" is like a gear with only one tooth per revolution.

Rack and Pinion

The rack and pinion mechanism converts rotational motion into linear motion. It can also do the opposite by converting linear motion into rotational motion

The crankshaft

The crankshaft is a mechanism that transforms rotary movement into linear movement, or vice versa

The crankshaft
The motion of the pistons in the engine of a car is linear (they go up and down). But the motion of the wheels has to be rotary. So, engineers put a crankshaft between the engine and the transmission to the wheels. The pistons of the engine move the crankshaft and the movement becomes rotary

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The Cam
A cam is a rotating piece in used especially in transforming rotary motion into linear motion or viceversa. It is often a part of a rotating wheel that strikes the follower producing a smooth reciprocating (back and forth) motion. The follower is a lever making contact with the cam.

Steam engine
A steam engine is a machine that produces mechanical work using steam. It needs a hot source to transform water into steam. On the left, a simple steam engine. There is an inlet valve ( in the middle ) and two Outlet valves. Below this valves, there is a Fp ( front port ) and a Bp ( Back port) allow high-pressure steam to act alternately on both faces of the piston.

Phases in a Steam engine

a ) The opening of the front port allows superheated steam from the boiler to enter the cylinder and push the piston back. As the piston move backwards, used steam from the previous stroke is exhausted through the back port. b). The valve starts to move backwards while the steam in the cylinder continues to expand and pushes the piston back. c) The front port opens to exhaust steam and at the same time the back port closes. This creates some back pressure before the next stroke is made.

d) The back port opens to allow "fresh" steam into the cylinder which then push the piston forward. A new sweep begins again and the process repeats

Steam engine movement

Four stroke engine

Stroke is defined as the movement of the piston from the 'bottom dead centre ' (BDC) to the 'top dead centre' (TDC) or the other way round, that is from TDC to BDC. A four stroke engine has 4 strokes. 1 Intake. 2 Compression 3 Power 4 Exhaust.

Activities
Write the lever class of every object shown in the next image:

Activities

1. You need to lift a load of 200 kg (F1). The distance from the load to the pivot(D1) is 6 metres and the distance from the pivot to where the force is applied (D2) is 20 metres. Calculate the value of F1. 2. On the lever shown in the image D1 = 20, D2 = 400 and F1 = 300 Kg. Calculate the value of F2 3. On the same image, calculate the value of D1 if D2 = 70m, F1 = 300Kg and F2 = 60kg

Activities
Activity 1: Calculate the effort required to move the load with a lever in the following examples:
Effort Arm, in metres Effort, in Newtons Effort A ? Effort B ? Effort C ? Effort D ? Effort E ? Effort F ? Effort G ? 2 3 5 6 4 8 2 8 6 10 12 5 4 5 4 2 4 10 8 32 10 Load, in Newtons Load Arm, in metres

Activities:
Calculate the speed of the driven wheel in the following cases
Pinion speed Speed of Driven wheel, in rpm Speed A? Speed B? Speed C? Speed D? Speed E? Speed F? Speed G? 6 rpm 3 rpm 5 rpm 7 rpm 4 rpm 8 rpm 9 rpm 8 mm 4 mm 10 mm 12 mm 5 mm 32 mm 40 mm Pinion diameter Driven wheel diameter 4 mm 2 mm 2 mm 3 mm 5 mm 8 mm 10 mm

Activities:
Calculate the output speed (the speed at which the blue gear moves) if: V1= 3000 (Orange gear) and T1=20 teeth, T2 = 50 teeth and T3 = 200 teeth

Activities
Calculate the output speed (the speed at which the blue gear moves) if: V1= 3000 (Orange gear) and t1=20 teeth, T2 = 50 teeth and T3 = 200 teeth