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Application Layer - 1
Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control. The TCP/IP protocol suite combines all application related issues into one layer and ensures this data is properly packaged before passing it on to the next layer.
Transport Layer
Provides transport services from the source host to the destination host logical connection between the networks endpoints Five basic services for TCP: Segmenting upper-layer application data Establishing end-to-end operations Sending segments from one end host to another end host Ensuring data reliability Providing flow control
Internet Layer - 1
The purpose of the Internet layer is to send packets from a network node and have them arrive at the destination node independent of the path taken. IP performs:
Define packets and addressing scheme Transfer data between Internet and Network Access Layer Route packets to remote hosts
Internet Architecture - 1
Two computers, anywhere in the world, following certain hardware, software, protocol specifications, can communicate, reliably even when not directly connected. LANs are no longer scalable beyond a certain number of stations or geographic separation.
Internet Architecture - 2
Internetworking building networks of networks and usually it is called Internet Uses see TCP/IP cloud Physical details hidden from users
Internet Addresses
Network address help to identify route through the network cloud Network address divided into two parts: Network host Different network protocols have their own methods of dividing the network address into network and host portions. (We will only discuss IP.)
IP Internet Addresses
IP Path Determination
Path determination is determined by Routing Protocols (OSPF, EIGRP, RIP, etc.) - later
Computer Mobility
Layer 2 (Ethernet) and Layer 3 (IP) Addresses are needed: Layer 2 / MAC address Physically burned into the NIC Doesnt change The devices real identity Layer 3 / Protocol address Set with software The devices mailing address Needs to change when device is moved
Layer 3 Addresses are organized by network. To know the layer 3 address, means you know what network this packet belongs to. Routers maintain lists of layer 3 network addresses to route the packet to the right network. Layer 2 addresses are still used! Hosts will have both Layer 2 and Layer 3 addresses. We will see how these work together a little later.
IP Addressing Format
An IP address has two parts: network number - bits refer to the network
number
IP Addressing Format
IP Addresses are 32 bits. Where the network part ends ant the host part begins depends on the subnet mask (coming).
IP Addressing Format
The 32 bits of an IP address are grouped into 4 bytes: 1010100111000111010001011000100 10101001 11000111 01000101 10001001 We use dotted notation (or dotted decimal notation) to represent the value of each byte (octet) of the IP address in decimal. 10101001 11000111 01000101 10001001 169 . 199 . 69 . 137
IP Addresses Type
Newer technology - Classless IP Addressing The subnet mask determines the network portion and the host portion. Value of first octet does NOT matter (older classful IP addressing) Hosts and Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR). Classless IP Addressing is what is used within the Internet and in most internal networks. Older technology - Classful IP Addressing Value of first octet determines the network portion and the host portion. Used with classful routing protocols like RIPv1.
In the early days of the Internet, IP addresses were allocated to organizations based on request rather than actual need. When an organization received an IP network address, that address was associated with a Class, A, B, or C. This is known as Classful IP Addressing The first octet of the address determined what class the network belonged to and which bits were the network bits and which bits were the host bits. It was not until 1992 when the IETF introduced CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing), making the address class meaning less. This is known as Classless IP Addressing. For now, all you need to know is that todays networks are classless, except for some
Network
Host
Host Host
Network Network
N = Network number assigned by ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) H = Host number assigned by administrator
The host portion will be all zeros for the network ID. The host portion will be all ones for a broadcast. The network portion of the address will be all ones for the subnet mask.
In the early days of the Internet, IP addresses were allocated to organizations based on request rather than actual need.
Host
8 bits
Host
8 bits
With 24 bits available for hosts, there a 224 - 2possible addresses. Thats 16,777,214 nodes!
There are 126 class A addresses. 0 and 127 have special meaning and are not used. 16,777,214 host addresses, one for network address and one for broadcast address. Only large organizations such as the military, government agencies, universities, and large corporations have class A addresses. For example ISPs have 24.0.0.0 and 63.0.0.0 Class A addresses account for 2,147,483,648 of the possible IPv4 addresses. Thats 50 % of the total unicast address space, if classful was still used in the Internet!
Host
8 bits
With 16 bits available for hosts, there a 216 2 possible addresses. Thats 65,534 nodes!
There are 16,384 (214) class B networks. 65,534 host addresses, one for network address and one for broadcast address. Class B addresses represent 25% of the total IPv4 unicast address space. Class B addresses are assigned to large organizations including corporations (such as Cisco, government agencies, and school districts).
Class C addresses
First octet is between 192 223, begins with bin 110 Network Network Network Host
8 bits Number between 192 - 223
With 8 bits available for hosts, there a 28 2 possible addresses. Thats 254 nodes!
There are 221 (2,097,152) possible class C networks. 254 host addresses, one for network address and one for broadcast address. Class C addresses represent 12.5% of the total IPv4 unicast address space.
Class D Addresses A Class D address begins with binary 1110 in the first octet. First octet range 224 to 239. Class D address can be used to represent a group of hosts called a host group, or multicast group. Class E Addresses First octet of an IP address begins with 1111 Class E addresses are reserved for experimental purposes and should not be used for addressing hosts or multicast groups.
An IP address such as 176.10.255.255 that has all binary 1s in the host bit positions is reserved for the broadcast address.
1. 192.168.1.3
2. 1.12.100.31
3. 172.30.77.5
Private Addresses
Exhaustion of the remaining IPv4 network addresses Rapid and substantial increase in the size of Internet