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Chapter Objectives
Describe the important basic network hardware and the internetworking hardware Discuss the desired characteristics of a server and a workstation Present different switching technologies Examine the routing process with the help of an example
Chapter Modules
Network interface cards Network connectors and hubs Server and workstation hardware Repeater Bridge Switch
Continued..
MODULE
10base2 cards
Physical bus networks 10 Mbps speed Ethernet standard Thin coaxial wiring
100BaseTX
100 Mbps speed Fast Ethernet standard Twisted pair
Higher quality Category 5 wires are recommended
RJ 45
Twisted pair
Combo Cards
Consisting of different ports BNC, RJ-45, AUI
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MODULE
Sample Network Interface Cards
ISA RJ 45
RJ 45 Combo
BNC
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MODULE
Network Connectors and Hubs
Simple Connectors
T connectors
An interface between the NIC and the cables
Terminators
Used at both ends of a bus network
T Connector Terminator
T Connector
Terminator
Connectors : Hubs
Types
Active hub Passive hub
Passive hubs
Simply provides the physical and the electrical connection for the network
Active hubs
Has built-in intelligence Some are manageable hubs
WS
WS
WS
An Active Hub
WS WS Backbone
WS Active Hub
Stackable Hubs
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MODULE
Server and Workstation Hardware
Module Objectives
Give an overview of the different types of the server hardware Discuss the desired characteristics of a server Provide a specification for a workstation
Servers
Backbone of a network Types
Powerful micros Servers Super-servers Sometimes mini-computers are used as servers
In a client-server, the server also acts as an engine of database execution In general, it is used for the sharing of
Memory
In excess of 128 Mbytes SDRAM or similar memory technology functioning at 10 nanoseconds or less The 128-pin SDRAM is also known as the DIMM chips as opposed to the 72-pin SIMM chips
Workstation
Most applications are executed at the workstation Therefore, it must be powerful in terms of the processor and the memory As a rule of thumb, the workstation must be as powerful as it were to be used as a standalone unit to run the applications
Adequate memory
32 Mbytes or more DIMM preferred although fast EDO SIMM may also be used
Speed of storage
Ultra DMA or SCSI preferred EIDE may also be used
Reliability
Power surge protector Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), for critical applications
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Repeater
An Overview of Repeaters
Used for extending the physical span of a network
An example is the extension of the distance between a hub and a node
A Repeater Connection
Repeater
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Bridge
An Overview of a Bridge
A device used for connecting two LANs operating under the same protocol Currently, the term bridge is loosely being used to describe different interconnecting devices
Used now for connecting LANs operating under different protocols as well
Purpose of a Bridge
Facilitate the movement of data packet from one network segment to another Not a sophisticated internetworking device Bridge does not perform the routing of information to different segments of a network Connects two network segments and not multiple network segments
Remote bridge
Connects LAN segments that are geographically apart An example is a device that provide dialup access to a LAN
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Switch
Purpose of a Switch
Improve the network performance and reliability Better manage the network in general
Network Reliability
When one segment does not function, the other segments can continue to function
Offers better reliability to at least part of the function
WS
Server
WS
Server
Segment 1
Segment 2
WS
WS
WS
WS
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MODULE
Switching Technology
Module Objectives
Explain the basic operation of a switch List the switching technologies and describe their operation
Cut-through and store-and-forward technologies
A data packet is analyzed Receivers addresses is checked If it indicates the receiver to be in the same segment, the packet is dropped If it indicates the receiver to be in a different segment, the packet is forwarded to a different segment
Switching Technologies
There are two major types of switching technologies
Cut-through Store-and-forward
Cut-Through Technology
Reads only part of the packet
The addresses header Packet is forwarded accordingly
Store-and-Forward Technology
Entire packet is processed Packets are filtered
Bad packets are filtered
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Routers
Router Characteristics
A router true internetworking device
Connects different sub-networks together
Establishes a logical path of communication between the subnetworks Contributes to the modular construction of a network
Network itself is better managed Network resources are better utilized
Router
PC-NFS Sub-network
Switch
Switch
Hub S WS S
Hub WS
Hub WS S WS
Hub WS S WS
Sub-network 1
Sub-network 2
Switches
Examine the data packet for the destination address Do not alter the data packets
Routers
Examine and alter the data packets Perform protocol conversion
Router Requirements
Requires more processing power compared to switches and bridges Operations fall within the network layer of the ISO-OSI communication model
ROUTER
Switches
Layer 3 Layer 2
Routers
Switches Repeaters
Layer 1
Router
Router
Router Router
Router
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MODULE
Gateway
An Introduction to Gateways
Gateways are comprehensive internetworking devices They can be computers themselves
Rule of Thump
Gateways are used for interconnecting vastly differing computing environments together
SNA Gateway
Gateway Interface Card NIC Card Gateway software SNA Gateway
FEP
WS
WS LAN - Ethernet
IBM - SNA
Mainframe
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