ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY MATHEMATICS 1 FKB10103

MDM WAN SULIZA WAN HUSAIN ROOM M008 ( NEAR CIMB ATM ) HP NUMBER :019-2197808 :019-

LESSON 1 LINEAR ALGEBRA

Matrix Algebra
What is matrix?

In this lecture, we will learn about the tools for solving linear systems of equations There are several methods we have learned before such as solving by graphical method,by using substitution and elimination method and etc.

Content
Matrix Determinant
Diagonal Method Cofactors Method

Elementary Row Operations Inverse Matrix

What is Matrix
A rectangular array of real (or complex) numbers arranged in m rows and n columns
Column

a 11 a 12 a 21 a 22 A mvn ! / / Dimension of the matrix a m1 a m2

A

. . .

a 1n a 2n / a mn

Row

Some Special Matrices

Square matrix
1.2  2.6 D! 0.4 1.7

1.5  1 0 E ! 4.3 1 4  0.5 10 2

1 0 0 I3 ! 0 1 0 0 0 1

Identity matrix, I n
1 0 I2 ! 0 1

Basic operations of matrix (+, -, x, T)

Matrix Addition
A is a m x n matrix and B is a m x n matrix C=A+B where cij ! aij  bij for all i=1,2,,m ; j=1,2,,n
a11 a12 A ! a21 a22 a 31 a32 c11 c12 C ! c21 c22 c 31 c32 a13 a23 a33 b11 b12 B ! b21 b22 b 31 b32 a12  b12 a22  b22 a32  b32 b13 b23 b33 a13  b13 a23  b23 a33  b33
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c13 a11  b11 c23 ! a21  b21 c33 a31  b31

Example
2 6 1 3 1  1 A! 0  2 4 B ! 10  3 6

3  2 1  6  1  1 5 7 0 A B ! 0  10  2  3 4  6 ! 10  5 10

Notice that matrices with different dimension cannot be added together:

3 1  1 A! 0  2 4
3 1 B ! 2  2

No valid result for A + B

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Matrix Subtraction
A is a m x n matrix and B is a m x n matrix C=A-B where cij ! aij  bij for all i=1,2,,m ; j=1,2,,n
a11 A ! a21 a 31 c11 C ! c21 c 31 c12 c22 c32 a12 a22 a32 a13 a23 a33 b11 b12 B ! b21 b22 b 31 b32 a12  b12 a22  b22 a32  b32 b13 b23 b33 a13  b13 a23  b23 a33  b33
11

c13 a11  b11 c23 ! a21  b21 c33 a31  b31

Example
2 6 1 3 1  1 A! 0  2 4 B ! 10  3 6

1 6  1  1 1  5  2 3 2 A B ! 0  10  2  ( 3 ) 4  6 !  10 1  2

Notice that matrices with different dimension cannot be subtracted together:

3 1  1 A! 0  2 4
3 1 B ! 2  2

No valid result for A - B

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Scalar Multiplication
A is a m x n matrix and E is a scalar (real number) C=EA where for all i=1,2,,m ; j=1,2,,n

cij ! E v aij

c11 c12 C ! c21 c22 c 31 c32

c13 E v a11 E v a12 c23 ! E v a21 E v a22 c33 E v a31 E v a32

E v a13 E v a23 E v a33

e.g. C =  A E !

10 20 30 A ! 40 50 60 70 80 90

0.1v10 0.1v 20 0.1v 30 1 2 3 C ! 0.1v 40 0.1v 50 0.1v 60 ! 4 5 6 0.1v 70 0.1v 80 0.1v 90 7 8 9

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Matrix Multiplication
A is a m x n matrix and B is a n x p matrix C = A X B ,where C is a m x p matrix
n

Where

cij ! ai1b1 j  ai 2b2 j  .  ain bnj ! aik bkj

k !1

for all i=1,2,,m ; j=1,2,,p To find the element cij (i-th row and j-th column of C = AB), we have to multiply each element in the i-th row of A by the corresponding element in the j-th column of B and add them together.
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Matrix Multiplication

C11 from 1st row of A and 1st column of B [a11 a12 a13a1m] 1st row of A [b11 b21 b31bm1] 1st column of B C11= a11 b11 + a12 b21 + a13 b31 ++ a1m bm1
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Example
A is a 2 x 3 matrix and B is a 3 x 3 matrix C = A X B, expect C is a 2 x 3 matrix Find determine C, elements by elements

1 2 3 A! 3 2 1

1 0  2 c11 c12 B ! 0 2 1 C ! AB ! c 21 c22 1 3 2

c13 c23

C11= a11 b11 + a12 b21 + a13 b31 = 1x1 + 2x0 + 3x(-1) = -2

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Example
1 2 3 A! 3 2 1
1 0  2 c11 c12 B ! 0 2 1 C ! AB ! c 21 c22 1 3 2
c13 c23

C21= a21 b11 + a22 b21 + a23 b31 = 3x1 + 2x0 + 1x(-1) =2

1 2 3 A! 3 2 1

1 0  2 c11 c12 B ! 0 2 1 C ! AB ! c 21 c22 1 3 2

c13 c23

C12= a11 b12 + a12 b22 + a13 b32 = 1x0 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 13

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Example
1 2 3 A! 3 2 1
1 0  2 c11 c12 B ! 0 2 1 C ! AB ! c 21 c22 1 3 2
c13 c23

C22= a21 b12 + a22 b22 + a23 b32 = 3x0 + 2x2 + 1x3 =7

1 2 3 A! 3 2 1

1 0  2 c11 c12 B ! 0 2 1 C ! AB ! c 21 c22 1 3 2

c13 c23

C13= a11 b13 + a12 b23 + a13 b33 = 1x(-2) + 2x1 + 3x2 =6

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Example
1 0  2 c11 c12 1 2 3 B ! 0 2 1 C ! AB ! A! c 3 2 1 21 c22 1 3 2 C23= a21 b13 + a22 b23 + a23 b33 = 3x(-2) + 2x1 + 1x2 = -2
Plug in the computed elements back to C, we have  2 13 6 C ! AB ! 2 7  2
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c13 c23

Example
0 0 A! 0 1
What is AxB?

0 0 B! 1 0

0 v 0  0 v1 0 v 0  0 v 0 0 0 AB ! 0 v 0  1v 1 0 v 0  1v 0 ! 1 0
What is BxA?

0 v 0  0 v 0 0 v 0  0 v1 0 0 BA ! 1v 0  0 v 0 1v 0  0 v 1 ! 0 0

Av B { B v A

Multiplication order is important!

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Transpose
The transpose of a m x n matrix A, denoted T by A = B, is the n x m matrix where

bij ! a ji
E.g.

1 4 1 2 3 T A! 4 5 6 A ! 2 5 3 6 1 T B !  2 3 B ! 2 1 3

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Determinants
If A is square matrix then the determinant function is denoted by det and det(A) is defined to be the sum of all the signed elementary matrices of A.
a 11 det A ! A ! a 12 . a1n a 2n / a nn
The result of a determinant is a single number.

a 21 a 22 / / . a n1 a n2 .

Finding Determinants
Diagonal Method Determinant function for a 22 matrix.

a 11 a 12 det A ! A ! a 21 a 22 ! a11a 22  a 21a 12

Example 1
Compute the det(A) for the following matrix.

3 5 A! 4 2 3 5 det A ! ! 6   20 ! 26 4 2

Finding Determinants
Diagonal Method Determinant function for a 33 matrix.

a 11 a 12 B ! a 21 a 22 a 31 a 32

a 13 a 23 a 33

! a11a 22a 33  a12a 23a 31  a13a 21a 32  a 31a 22a 13  a 32a 23a11  a 33a 21a 12

Example 2
Compute the det(A) for the following matrix.

2 2 0 A ! 0 2 4 1 1 1

Example 2solution
B ! 2 -2 0 0 -2 -4 1 1 -1

! 4  8  0  0  - 8  0
B ! 20

Minor & Cofactor

If A is a square matrix then the minor of a i j , denoted by M i j , is the determinant of the submatrix that results from removing the ith row and jth column of A. If A is a square matrix then the cofactor of denoted by C i j , is the number

a i j,

Ci j !  1 M i j
i j

Example 3
For the following matrix compute the minor, M23 and the cofactor, C23

3 1 6 A ! 9 5 2 0 4 7

Example 3solution
Minor

M 23
Cofactor

3 1 6 3 1 ! 12 ! 9 5 2 ! 0 4 0 4 7

1
2 3

C 2 3 !  1

M 2 3 ! 12

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Finding Determinants
Method of Cofactors
If A is an nn matrix.

a 11

a 12 .

a 1n a 2n / a nn

a 21 a 22 A ! / / . a n1 a n2 .
Choose any row, then:

A ! a i1Ci1  a i 2 Ci 2  .....  a i n Ci n
Choose any column, then: cofactor

A ! a 1 jC1 j  a 2 jC 2 j  .....  a n jC n j

Example 4
Compute the det(A) for the following matrix.

2 2 0 A ! 0 2 4 1 1 1

Example 4solution
Choose first row, then:

2 2 0 A ! 0 2 4 1 1 1

  M1   C12 - 0 2 13  A ! 22 11 1 2 2  M1 C 0  M13 C 
!2

2 4 1

0 4 2 1 1 1

0

A ! 26  24  0 20

Elementary Row Operations

Elementary row operations are manipulations that can be performed on the row of a matrix. Three basic elementary operations. 1. Interchange any two rows.
1 2 R1 ! R 2 3 4 3 4 1 2

Elementary Row Operations

2. Multiply any row by a non-zero nonscalar.
1 2 R 1 ! 2R 1 2 4 3 4 3 4

3. Add k times of any row to another row.

1 2 R 1 ! 2R 1  R 2 3 4 5 8 3 4

Example 5
Use elementary row operation to transform

1 3 1 0 2  4 into 0 1

Example 5solution
1 3 2 4
R2 : 2 3 1  2R 1 : 2 R 2 ! R 2  2 R1 0  10 0 1 3 R2 0 :  10  10 R 2 ! R 2 z  10 0 1 0 R1 : 1 R 1 ! R 1  3R 2 1 0  3R2 : 0 0 1 1 4 6  10  10  10 1 3 3 0

Inverse Matrix
If A is square matrix and we can find another matrix of the same size B, such that

A B ! B A ! In
Then we call A invertible and we say that B is an inverse of the matrix A

Remarks on

Inverse Matrix

Inverse matrix is only for square matrix The inverse for a matrix is unique The inverse of a matrix A is denoted as A-1 If A is invertible, then A is a non-singular matrix If A is not invertible, then A is a singular matrix

Finding Inverse Matrix

Using Row Operation Inverse for a 22 matrix.
A 2v2
I2

elementary row operation

I2

1

Find row operations that will convert the first 2 columns into I2. The third and fourth columns should then contain A-1.

Example 6
Determine the inverse of matrix A.

1 3 A! 2 4

Example 6solution
Form a new matrix

1 3 1 0 2 4 0 1 1 3 1 0 R : 2 4 0 1  2R : 2 6 2 0 R 2 ! R 2  2 R1 0  10  2 1 0  10 - 2 1 1 3 1 0 : R R 2 ! 10 0 1 1 0 1  1 5  10
Matrix A
2 1 R2 10 0 -10 10 10 2 10 1 5 1 10
2

1 10

Example 6solution
R 1 ! R 1  3R 2

1 0

0 1

2 5 1 5

3 10 1 10

R  3R

:1 3 1 :0 3 1 0
3 5 2 5

0
3  10 3 10

The inverse of matrix A is

1 A !

2 5 1 5

3 10 1 10

Finding Inverse Matrix

Using Row Operation Inverse for a 33 matrix.
A 3v3 I3
elementary row operation

I3

1

Find row operations that will convert the first 3 columns into I3. The last three columns should then contain A-1.

Finding Inverse Matrix

Using Row Operation
Please refer the attachment

Finding Inverse Matrix

Using Adjoint Cofactor Inverse for a 22 matrix.
a b If matrix A ! c d

is invertible, its inverse will be

1 A ! A
1

d b c a

Example 7
Determine the inverse for the following matrix.

3 5 A! 4 2

1 2 5 ! v A ! 26  4 3  A
1

1 13 2 13

5 26 3 26

Finding Inverse Matrix

Using Adjoint Cofactor Inverse for a 33 matrix. If matrix
a11 A ! a21 a 31 a12 a22 a32 a13 a23 a33

is invertible, its inverse will be

1 v adjoint A A ! A
1

For Example please refer the attachment