PARTS OF SPEECH

WHAT ARE PARTS OF SPEECH?

Parts of Speech are the categories into which words are classified according to their functions in the sentences.
Noun Interjection Pronoun

Conjunction

Parts of Speech

Verb

Preposition

Adjective

Adverb

WHAT ARE NOUNS?

A

Noun is used to name a person , animal , place , thing and abstract idea . A Noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object complement, an appositive, an adjective or an adverb.

TYPES OF NOUNS

Proper Noun

Common Noun

Concrete Noun

Abstract Noun

TYPES OF NOUNS

Collective Noun

Compound Noun

Countable and Uncountable Noun

TYPE OF NOUNS  PROPER NOUNS

EXPLANATION
A proper noun is a noun that is the name of a specific individual, place, or object.

EXAMPLE New York City

 COMMON NOUN

Common nouns are the opposite of proper nouns. They name people, places, things or ideas that are not specific. A Concrete noun is classified by its ability to reach the senses. If you can taste, touch, hear, smell or see an item the word is a concrete noun. Abstract nouns are ideas, feelings or qualities. Abstract nouns cannot be seen or touched

Shoe

 CONCRETE NOUN

Pizza

 ABSTRACT NOUN

Anger

TYPE OF NOUNS

EXPLANATION

EXAMPLE

 COLLECTIVE NOUN

A collective noun is a word Pride of Lions used to define a group of objects, where objects can be people, animals etc .

 COMPOUND NOUN

Compound nouns are formed by joining two simple nouns together. A different meaning can be created when using two separate nouns.

Blackboard

 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

Countable nouns are easy Grapes-Music to recognize. They are things that we can count. Uncountable nouns are substances which we cannot count.

WHAT ARE PRONOUNS?

A

pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or another pronoun. It is of the same number, gender and person as the noun for which it is used.

TYPES OF PRONOUNS

Personal

Reflexive/ Empathetic

Demonstrative

Indefinite

TYPES OF PRONOUNS

Distributive Pronouns

Reciprocal

Interrogative

Relative

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
           

The Pronouns which denotes a person(s) Examples I ME WE YOU OUR HIM THOU SHE HE IT

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
The Pronouns I and we denote person\ spoken to the Personal Pronouns of the First Person. Personal Pronouns stand for The Pronouns you denote the person\s spoken to, are said (a) the person speaking to be the Personal Pronouns of (b) the person spoken to the Second Person . (c) the person spoken of. The Pronouns he, she, they denote the person\s spoken of , are said to be Personal Pronouns of the Third Person .

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves are called Reflexive Pronouns.
These are used when the action of the subject turns back on the Subject itself. Reflexive Pronouns refer to the same person or thing as that denoted by the Subject of the Verb.
E.g.

I made this basket myself. She hurt herself. I burnt myself.

EMPHATIC PRONOUNS

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

This, that, these and those are called Demonstrative Pronouns.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Pronouns that refer to persons or things in a general way, but do not refer to any person or thing in particular are called Indefinite Pronouns.

The words one, oneself, none, they, all, some, somebody, nobody, few, many, others, anybody, everybody are called Indefinite Pronouns.

E.g.
One should do ones duty. All were drowned. Somebody has stolen my watch. Nobody was there to welcome us.

DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS
persons or things, one at a time. There are always followed by the verb in the singular. Each, either and neither

 Each means every one of a number of persons or things .  Either means one or the other of two.  Neither means not the one nor the other of two. E.g.
Each of the teachers is present. Either of you may go to the picture. Neither of the two sisters is intelligent.

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

Each other and one another They denote mutual actions. Each other is used to denote two persons or things .

One another is used to denote more than two persons or things .

E.g. 1. The two rivals faced each other. 2. We must all help one another

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
Interrogative Pronouns are used for asking questions.
What, which, who, whom and whose

E.g. What do you want ? Who is knocking at the door? Which fruit is this? Whom do you want? Whose book is this?

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Pronouns that are used to relate or refer to a noun which has gone before are called Relative Pronouns. Who, whom, whose, which and that are Relative Pronouns.

Lets examine the following pairs of sentence. This is the girl. The girl won the race. This is the girl who won the race.

o In the above pair of sentence who stands for the noun girl. o It does the work of a pronoun and also joins two sentences. o Such words are Relative Pronouns because they point back to same noun that has gone before them. o The noun to which are Relative Pronoun refers or relates is called its Antecedent. In the above pair of
sentence the Antecedent of who is girl.

E.g.
y y y y y

Sita is a girl whom everybody likes. This is the boy whose book was stolen yesterday. God helps those who help themselves. This is the only picture which we like the most. This is the house that my father built.

Note:
Which and that is used for animals or things without life. y Who and whom are used for human beings. y Whose is used both for human beings and non-living nouns.
y

WHAT ARE VERBS?

A word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence, such as hear, become, happen

TO FIND THE VERB:

Locate the subject

Then ask yourself, What is it doing?

The cow licked the boy. Who? Cow.

What did the cow do? licked

The verb is licked, its what the cow is doing.

PRESENT VERBS An action verb that describes an action that is happening now is called a present tense verb verb. The alien jumps with joy.

Jumps is a present tense verb because it is happening right now.

PRESENT TENSE VERB

o

sleeps s

Many present tense verbs end with s, but some end with es, orr ies

splashes es cries

PAST VERBS

Verbs which tell about actions which happened some time ago are past tense verbs.

The girl wanted a doll.

Wanted is a past tense verb because the action has already happened.

PAST TENSE VERB

clapped
Many

past tense verbs end with ed, but some end with d, or ied ied.

tried

played

FUTURE VERBS
Verbs

which tell about actions which are going to happen are future tense verbs. Akshit will appear for exam on Monday.
Will appear is a future tense verb because the action has not yet happened.

FUTURE TENSE VERBS

Future tense verbs use special words to talk about things that will happen: will, going to, shall, aim to, etc.

going to start will enjoy shall email

WHAT ARE ADJECTIVES?

Words that are used to describe a noun or a pronoun are called Adjectives. Eg:Shalini has short hair . Vivek has bought a new motorcycle.

TYPES OF ADJECTIVES
TYPES OF ADJECTIVES  ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY EXPLANATION EXAMPLES The Adjectives that show Big pen kind or quality.

 ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY

The Adjectives that show Some mangoes the quantity of a thing.

 ADJECTIVES OF NUMBER

The Adjectives that show Few people the number of things or person. The Adjectives that point That child out a thing or a person.

 DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

TYPES OF ADJECTIVES
TYPES OF ADJECTIVES EXPLANATION EXAMPLES

 INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES

The Adjectives that are used before a noun to ask a question.

Whose pencil is this?

 POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES

The Adjectives that show some kind of relation of a thing with someone.

This is his chocolate

 PROPER ADJECTIVES

The Adjectives that are formed with a addition with a Proper Noun.

An Indian curry

WHAT ARE ADVERBS?

A word which qualifies the meaning of a Verb, an Adjective or another verb is called an Adverb. EG:She walks slowly.

TYPES OF ADVERB

ADVERB OF MANNER: Tell how or in what manner Eg:- The boy slept wisely.

ADVERB OF PLACE: Tell about where Eg: They are standing outside the house.

ADVERB OF TIME: Tell about when Eg: It is raining today.

ADVERBS OF NUMBER: Tell about how often Eg:- She seldom sings.

TYPES OF ADVERBS

ADVERB OF REASON: Tell the consequences Eg:- Children were playing and not studying ,thus they failed.

ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION OR NEGATION: Affirm or negates something Eg:-Do you like sweets? Yes, I like sweets. No, I do not like sweets.

INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS:

Are used for asking questions Eg:-- Where were you playing?

TYPES OF ADVERBS

ADVERBS OF DEGREE OR QUANTITY: Tell how much or in what degree Eg:- He is very tired.

RELATIVE ADVERBS: They modifies some word and also connect the clause with the rest of the sentence . Eg:-The street where you live is near my house.

WHAT IS PREPOSITION?

A preposition is a part of speech that shows a relationship between two things.

Location (on, under, in) Timing (before, after, during) Direction (from, toward, to)

PREPOSITION
The kettle is on the table. Two things: Kettle + table. Relationship: one is on the other On is a preposition! The Barbie is in the box. Two things: Barbie + Box. Relationship: one is in the other In is a preposition!

PREPOSITION
The people are under the tree. Two things: People + tree Relationship: one is under the other Under is a preposition! The snowman is beside the house. Two things: snowman + house Relationship: one is beside the other Beside is a preposition!

A LIST OF COMMON PREPOSITIONS

aboard along behind but (except) from off past until

about

amid

below

by

in

on

since

up

above

among

beneath

down

inside

onto

through

upon

across

around

beside

during

into

out

to

with

after

at

between

except

near

outside

toward

within

against

before

beyond

for

of

over

under

without

WHAT ARE CONJUNCTIONS?

Conjunctions are joining words. They are used to join words, groups of words or sentences. Examples:

Kapil bought a bat and a ball. y Would you like an orange or would you like an apple ?
y

TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating Conjunctions used when the elements have an equal relationship. Examples for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.

Correlative Conjunctions used in pairs and also connect equal elements. Examples eitheror, whetheror, not onlybut also, bothand, and neith ernor.

Subordinating Conjunctions used to show the relationship of the subordinate clause (a group of related words that contains a subject and predicate but cannot stand alone) to the rest of the sentence. Examples while, after, until, when, where, before, if, that, unless, because, although, though, and whether.

WHAT ARE INTERJECTIONS?

Interjections are exclamatory words that express strong emotion.  Interjections have no other grammatical connection with or relationship to the rest of the sentence.


Interjections may be followed by either commas or exclamation points.

Ouch! That Hurts! Oh, what a wonderful movie! Great! What a terrific idea!