Safety and Efficiency An ICAO Perspective

Aviation Safety, Security & the Environment: The Way Forward

Vince Galotti Chief/Air Traffic Management

ICAO

Presentation Outline
Two issues Evolution of ICAOs efforts toward a more seamless and global ATM system Safety Management

CONTINUED EVOLUTION TOWARD A MORE GLOBAL AND SEAMLESS ATM SYSTEM

Global ATM Operational Concept Provides the ICAO vision of seamless, global ATM system Endorsed by 11th ANCONF SESAR and NexGen are adapting the concept Performance Based Transition Global Air Navigation Plan 23 Global Plan Initiatives Stems from industry roadmap Assists in establishment of performance objectives Assists in implementation of ATM operational improvements

Safety Management
How do we ensure safety in the more complex, synchronized global system that we strive toward

The evolution of safety thinking

TECHNICAL FACTORS HUMAN FACTORS

ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS

1950s

1970s

1990s

2000s
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TODAY

Concept of safety
The elimination of accidents (and serious incidents) is unachievable. Failures will occur, in spite of the most accomplished prevention efforts. No human endeavour or human-made system can be humanfree from risk and error. Controlled risk and error is acceptable in an inherently safe system.

Concept of safety (Doc 9859)

Safety is the state in which the risk of harm to persons or property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and risk management.

The management dilemma

Management levels
Resources Resources

Protection

Production

The big picture

Operation of aircraft Maintenance of aircraft Air traffic services Aerodromes Two audience groups States Service providers Three distinct requirements Safety programme SMS Management accountability
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As of 23 November 2006
programme, States shall establish a safety programme, in order to achieve an acceptable level of safety in: The operation of aircraft The maintenance of aircraft The provision of air traffic services Aerodrome operations The acceptable level of safety to be achieved shall be established by the State(s) concerned

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What is a safety programme?

An integrated set of regulations and activities aimed at improving safety. States are responsible for establishing a safety programme: Safety regulation Safety oversight Accident/incident investigation Mandatory/voluntary reporting systems Safety data analysis and exchange Safety assurance Safety promotion
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As of 23 November 2006
States shall require, as part of their safety programme, that an [operator, maintenance organization, ATS provider, certified aerodrome operator] implements a safety management system accepted by the State that, as a minimum: Identifies safety hazards Ensures that remedial action necessary to maintain an acceptable level of safety is implemented Provides for continuous monitoring and regular assessment of the safety level achieved Aims to make continuous improvement to the overall level of safety
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What is an SMS?
A systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary organizational structures, accountabilities, policies and procedures. Providers are responsible for establishing an SMS. States are responsible of the acceptance and oversight for providers SMS.
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As of 23 November 2006
An accepted safety management system shall clearly define lines of safety accountability throughout the [airline, maintenance, ATS provider, certified aerodrome operator] organization, including direct accountability for safety on the part of senior management. Note. Guidance on safety management systems is contained in the ICAO Safety Management Manual (Doc 9859). (Accountability Obligation or willingness to account for ones actions)

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Safety programme SMS relationships

Protection
Objective: Public safety

Production

State safety programme

Oversight Acceptance Oversight Objective: Achieve commercial goals and customer satisfaction

Objective: Manage and control safety risk

Organizations safety management system (SMS)

Risk management Safety assurance

Organizations production processes

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The essential is invisible to the eyes

Number of occurrences

15 30 100 100 1000 1000 4000

Accidents Serious incidents Incidents Latent conditions

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Strategies Levels of intervention and tools

Safety management levels

Baseline performance
Hazards

Predictive
FDA Direct observation systems Highly efficient

Proactive

Reactive

Reactive

ASR Surveys Audits Very efficient

ASR MOR Efficient

Accident and incident organization reports Insufficient

Desirable management level

Practical drift

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Risk mitigation at a glance

Hazard identification and risk management Assessment of the defences within the safety system Control and mitigation of the risk (s) Accepting the mitigation of the risk

H H H H
Regulations

EACH HAZARD

Training Technology

R R R R
EACH RISK

address the hazard?  Does it address the risk(s)?  Is it effective?  Is it appropriate?  Is additional or different mitigation warranted?  Do the mitigation strategies generate additional risk(s)

 Does the mitigation

Feedback (Safety assurance)

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Safety culture
A construct An outcome, not a process The introduction of safety management concepts lays the foundation upon which to build a safety culture Safety culture cannot be mandated or designed, it evolves. It is generated top-down top-

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Positive culture
Informed culture People are knowledgeable about the human, technical, organizational and environmental factors that determine the safety of the system as a whole. Reporting culture People are prepared to report their errors and experiences

Source: David Marx

Flexible culture People can adapt organizational processes when facing high temporary operations or certain kinds of danger, shifting from the conventional hierarchical mode to a flatter mode.

Positive culture

Just culture People are encouraged (even rewarded) for providing essential safety-related information. However, there is a clear line that differentiates between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.

Learning culture People have the willingness and the competence to draw conclusions from safety information systems and the will to implement major reforms. 20

Summary
The global ATM system continues to grow rapidly The growth will continue (environment?) ICAO works toward a safe and efficient growth Global ATM operational concept Global Air Navigation plan New approach to safety Proactive, predictive Performance based SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
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