Conditions

Hardy & Weinberg created a principle that set opposite conditions for evolution. Evolution will not occur if theses conditions are met: 1.Mutation is not occurring. 2.Natural selection is not occurring. 3.The population is infinitely large. 4.All members of the population breed. 5.All mating is totally random. 6.Everyone produces the same number of offspring. 7.There is no migration in or out of the population. These are the basic rules for a perfect species.

The Equation
pool. P is the genotype for dominant trait blue (B) and q is recessive brown (b). Say there are two traits for eye color, blue and brown in a population of 4. B = blue and b = brown. The genotypes are BB, BB, Bb, bb. That means 5 out of 8 or .625 is p and 3 out of 8 or .375 is q. The equation for genotypes for individuals is p squared + pq squared + q squared. For example: In a population, 0.16 does not have blue eyes. What is the frequency of Bb? If q squared = 0.16 you find the squared root (0.4) then subtract from 100% to get q = 0.6 or 60%. So The Hardy-Weinberg Equation ends up being the equation for a perfect world. So how does this help biologists? The Hardy-Weinberg equation is used for the control in experiments with population and allelelic frequencies.

In a perfect world there isnt evolution and there isnt changes in traits. p + q = 1 is the equation for the gene

The common and formal names of tay-sachs are B variant GM2 gangliosidosis,GM2 gangliosidosis, type 1, Hex-A deficiency, Hexosaminidase A deficiency, Hexosaminidase alpha-subunit deficiency (variant B), Sphingolipidosis, Tay-Sachs, and TSD. Some symptoms include Deafness, Decreased eye contact, blindness, Decreased muscle tone (loss of muscle strength), Delayed mental and social skills, Dementia, Increased startle reaction, Irritability, Listlessness, Loss of motor skills, Paralysis or loss of muscle function, Seizures, and Slow growth. It can be diagnosed by enzyme analysis of blood or body tissue for hexosaminidase levels and an Eye examination (reveals a cherry-red spot in the mucula). Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a defective gene on chromosome 15. When both parents carry the defective Tay-Sachs gene, a child has a 25% chance of developing the disease. The child must receive two copies of the defective gene -- one from each parent -- in order to become sick. If only one parent passes the defective gene to the child, the child is called a carrier. He or she won't be sick, but will have the potential to pass the disease to his or her own children. There is no treatment for Tay-Sachs disease itself, only ways to make the patient more comfortable.

In World War II, 90% of the Ashkenazim Jewish community had TSD. At that time 11% of the world was a carrier or had Tay-Sachs disease.

Tay-Sachs has been classified into infantile, juvenile, and adult forms, depending on the symptoms and when they first appear. Most people with Tay-Sachs have the infantile form. In this form, the nerve damage usually begins while the baby is still in the womb. Symptoms usually appear when the child is 3 to 6 months old. The disease tends to get worse very quickly, and the child usually dies by age 4 or 5. This disease kills off the population of a community.

Anyone can be a carrier of Tay-Sachs, but the disease is most common among the Ashkenazi Jewish population. About 1 in every 27 members of the Ashkenazi Jewish population carries the Tay-Sachs gene.

The Jewish communities are, in the main, well educated and medically sophisticated. They accepted this higher risk of Tay-Sachs disease as a challenge and a problem with a solution and embraced screening. In very Orthodox communities in which pregnancy termination was frowned upon and arranged marriages common, the results of testing became part of the basis for arranging a marriage. There was no perception in this community that carrying these disorders was a black mark and one of which to be ashamed.

If 0.11% of the world is a carrier or has the disease, this means that p squared = 11% . Then pq squared is 44.3% and q is 44.7% and for the allelic frequencies p is 33.2% and q is 66.8% P(squared) + 2pq + q(squared) = 1 0.11(squared) + 2pq + q(squared) = 1 0.121 = p(squared) = RR genotype 2pq = 2(0.11)(0.89) = 0.1958 = Rr (0.89)(squared) = 0.7921 Q(squared) = rr 0.79 + 0.19 + 0.1 = 1 79% = rr 19% = Rr 1% = RR p+q=1 q + 0.11 = 1 q = 0.89

Tay-Sachs is a hereditary disease that occurs when the body lacks hexosaminidase A . The disease becomes active in the womb or around 3 to 4 months of age. The patient usually dies at about 3 or 4 years of age.

Donating your tissue for research, there is no cost to the family, and does not interfere with open casket viewing. The majority of research focuses on restoring enzymes, because the missing or deficient enzymes are the primary pathology, or disease causing mechanism, in Tay-Sachs. National Tay-Sachs and allied diseases organization, hold an annual conference to support families with this disease. This year it will be held in Orlando, FL.

A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia Tay-Sachs Disease November 17, 2011 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002390/ Dennis O'Neil Hardy Weinberg Equation August 16, 2011 http://anthro.palomar.edu/synthetic/synth_2.htm NATURE EDUCATION HARDY-WEINBERG EQUATION 2011 http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/hardy-weinberg-equation-299 BrightStorm Hardy-Weinberg September 1, 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BuiPA8FJ_1M U.S. Library Of Medicine Tay-Sachs Disease February 13, 2012 http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/tay-sachs-disease Learning about Tay-Sachs Disease March 17, 2012 http://www.genome.gov/10001220 Norman Lavin Tay-Sachs disease: An interview with Stephen Cederbaum, M.D. February 23, 2011 http://www.jewishjournal.com/jewish_diseases/2011/02/ NTSAD 34th Annual Family Conference April 19,2011 http://www.ntsad.org/index.php/events