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HISTORY
Sea ice has posed a problem to the navigator since antiquity. During a voyage from the Mediterranean to England and Norway sometime between 350 B.C. and 300 B.C., Pytheas of Massalia sighted a strange substance which he described as neither land nor air nor water floating upon and covering the northern sea over which the summer Sun barely set. Pytheas named this lonely region Thule, hence Ultima Thule (farthest north or lands end). Thus began over 20 centuries of polar exploration.
NILAS
GREASE ICE
In rough water, fresh sea ice is formed by the cooling of the ocean as heat is lost into the atmosphere. The uppermost layer of the ocean is super cooled to slightly below the freezing point, at which time tiny ice platelets, known as frazil ice, form. As more frazil ice forms, the ice forms a mushy surface layer, known as grease ice Frazil ice formation may also be started by snowfall, rather than supercooling. slush is a floating mass formed initially from snow and water. Shuga is formed in agitated conditions by accumulation of slush or grease ice into spongy pieces several inches in size. Waves and wind then act to compress these ice particles into larger plates, of several meters in diameter, called pancake ice.
Frazil ice
ICEBERGS
An iceberg is a large piece of ice from freshwater that has broken off from a snow-formed glacier or ice shelf and is floating in open water. It may subsequently become frozen into pack ice. Alternatively, it may come to rest on the seabed in shallower water, causing ice scour (also known as ice gouging) or becoming an ice island
FORMATION
Although icebergs float on ocean waters, they are composed of freshwater. Although icebergs float on ocean waters, they are composed of freshwater. An iceberg is simply an extraordinarily large mass oflargethat hasice that has broken off from an ice cap ice mass of An iceberg is simply an extraordinarily broken off from an or glacieror glacier where it met first stageThe ice cap where it met the sea. The the sea. of iceberg formation occurs first stage of iceberg formationaoccursor ice cap that has been pushed into the sea, when part of glacier when part of a glacier or begins to float on the water. Tides and wave action ice cap that has been pushed into the sea, begins to float on thesubsequently cause stress fractures, causing a piece of the glacier to break off and a new iceberg is born! This process is calving. water. Tides and wave action subsequently cause stress fractures, causing a piece of the glacier to break off and a new An icebergs extraordinary blue and white coloration is a reminder of its glacial origins. iceberg is born! This processappears blue because pure ice absorbs other colors more rapidly than blue. is calving. Glacial ice
This colour appears in the deepest layers of the ice that are under such high pressure that all ofAn icebergs extraordinary blue and ice. the air bubbles have been forced out of the By contrast the surface layers of the iceberg white coloration is a reminder of its glacial origins. Glacial iceare white because the air bubbles trapped in the snow layers appears blue because pure ice absorbs other colors more rapidlyreflect much of the incident light. These air bubbles also layers iceberg fizz. than blue.This colour appears in the deepest result inof the ice that As an iceberg melts, fizzing results from the release of gases that have been held are under such high pressure that all of the air bubbles have under pressure, trapped in bubbles for thousands of years!
been forced out of the ice. By contrast the surface layers of the iceberg are white because the air bubbles trapped in the snow layers reflect much of the incident light. These air bubbles also result in iceberg fizz. As an iceberg melts, fizzing results from the release of gases that have been held under pressure, trapped in bubbles for thousands of years!
DRIFTING OF ICEBERGS
Iceberg movement is influenced by direct wind push on its exposed area to an extent far greater than commonly assumed. Although the bulk of the iceberg is below water, in many situations wind has a dominant influence on the movement. In addition to windage on the iceberg and the ocean gradient current, the wind-induced surface current has the effect of increasing drift speed by about 10 percent for small icebergs and increasing the angle of drift direction. The wind force on an iceberg does not result in movement directly downwind, but, because of the rotation of the Earth (Coriolis effect), windage on an iceberg is 30 to 50 to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. They move at speeds of 1 knot, or 24 nautical miles per day. This iceberg moved 140 kilometres at as much as 3 knots across the Labrador Current and resulted in an emergency move of the North Atlantic shipping lanes to the south
ICE BREAKERS
An ice breaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters. . For a ship to be considered an icebreaker, it requires three traits most normal ships lack: a strengthened hull, an ice-clearing shape, the power to push through ice-covered waters. PRINCIPLE: it uses its momentum to break the ice High strength hull Powerful engine Azimuth thrusters
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ICE PATROL
The International Ice Patrol is an organization with the purpose of monitoring the presence of icebergs in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and reporting their movements for safety purposes. It is operated by United States Coast Guard but is funded by the 13 nations interested in trans-Atlantic navigation. It was established in 1914 in response to the sinking of the RMS Titanic. "The primary mission of the Ice Patrol is to alert any seacraft traveling the great circle shipping lanes between Europe and the major ports of the United States and Canada of the presence of any icebergs there."
Size Category Growler Bergy Bit Small Medium Large Very Large
Height Less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) 15 metres (3.316 ft) 515 metres (1649 ft) 1545 metres (49148 ft) 4575 metres (148246 ft) Over 75 metres (246 ft)
Length Less than 5 metres (16 ft) 515 metres (1649 ft) 1560 metres (49200 ft) 60120 metres (200390 ft) 120200 metres (390660 ft) Over 200 metres (660 ft)
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Rudder Inner Bot. Bulkhead Fore&Aft Deck Bottom Hull Unspec/ Ship Side
NO RAMMING
ICE 1C ICE 1B ICE 1A ICE 1A* ICE 1A F* ICE O5 ICE 10 ICE 15 POLAR 10 POLAR 20 POLAR 30 ICE BREAKER
1C 1B 1A 1A SUPER
Vessels intended for ice breaking -Built for another main purpose
ACCIDENTAL RAMMING
REPEATED RAMMING
CASPIAN 70 WHITE 80
High Wind Speed Usually above 18 kts or 9 m/s but sometimes lower Low Air Temperature Below freezing (-1.7 deg c) Low Water Temperature Usually below + 7 deg c
ICE ACCREATION = WIND+ WAVES+ LOW AIR TEMPERATURE+ OPEN WATER = ICING
Ice accretion on the various equipment/areas has unequal importance on the vessel safety. - Category I : to be kept completely ice free - Category II : shall have de-icing arrangements removing ice within a reasonable period of time (4-6 hours)
Inner bottom 1%
Rudder 7%
Bulk head 4%
486
Rudder
Fore&aft 8%
Bottom 10%
Deck 2%
Ice forces would lift the vessels out of the ice, and save her. A brilliant example of practical risk management
Protected location. Also with heating (i.e. adjacent to heated spaces or hot air ventilation). Protective covers Electric tracing (Note ex-requirements) Heating coils (steam/hot water) Ice-repellant coating Self-draining piping/operating procedures Circulation of liquids (e.g. hydr.oil)
DA (double acting) - where the ship operates with the stern first when operating in ice. This saves on installed power, and fuel, and makes it possible to optimize the bow of the ship for open water performance. The DAS was made possible through the development of azimuthing electric propulsion--another system which was developed by AARC, together with ABB (Azipod). A very new develpoment is the Oblique Icebreaker. By using azimuthing electric propulsion, it breaks ice by moving sideways, utilizing its entire length for breaking a wide channel. This makes it possible to use a relatively small and narrow icebreaker to assist large and wide cargo ships.
HUMAN FATIGUE
CAPTAIN
CHIEF ENG
Summary..
Ship operations in cold climate is much more than ice strengthening of the ship alone. Compliance with basic ice class rules and regulations may be insufficient for safe and effective ship operations in cold climate Risk evaluation for specific trades and adequate winterization for safe and reliable operations must be carried out.
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