Cisco Systems DWDM Primer Oct03

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
ONS 15454 MSTP

DWDM Networking Primer DWDM Networking Primer
October 2003
Agenda
Introduction
Optical Fundamentals
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
Optical Fundamentals
Decibels (dB): unit of level (relative measure)
X dB is 10
-X/10
in linear dimension e.g. 3 dB Attenuation = 10
-.3
= 0.501
Standard logarithmic unit for the ratio of two quantities. In optical fibers, the ratio is
power and represents loss or gain.
Decibels-milliwatt (dBm) : Decibel referenced to a
milliwatt
X mW is 10-log
10
(X) in dBm, Y dBm is 10
Y/10
in mW. 0dBm=1mW, 17dBm = 50mW
Wavelength (): length of a wave in a particular medium.
Common unit: nanometers, 10
-9
m (nm)
300nm (blue) to 700nm (red) is visible. In fiber optics primarily use 850, 1310, &
1550nm
Frequency (v): the number of times that a wave is
produced within a particular time period. Common unit:
TeraHertz, 10
12
cycles per second (Thz)
Wavelength x frequency = Speed of light x v = C
Some terminology
Attenuation = Loss of power in dB/km
The extent to which lighting intensity from the source is diminished as it passes
through a given length of fiber-optic (FO) cable, tubing or light pipe. This
specification determines how well a product transmits light and how much cable
can be properly illuminated by a given light source.
Chromatic Dispersion = Spread of light pulse in ps/nm-km
The separation of light into its different coloured rays.
ITU Grid = Standard set of wavelengths to be used in Fibre Optic
communications. Unit Ghz, e.g. 400Ghz, 200Ghz, 100Ghz
Optical Signal to Noise Ration (OSNR) = Ratio of optical
signal power to noise power for the receiver
Lambda = Name of Greek Letter used as Wavelength
symbol ()
Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC) = Management
channel
Some more terminology
dB versus dBm
dBm used for output power and receive
sensitivity (Absolute Value)
dB used for power gain or loss (Relative Value)
Bit Error Rate ( BER)
BER is a key objective of the Optical
System Design
Goal is to get from Tx to Rx with a BER <
BER threshold of the Rx
BER thresholds are on Data sheets
Typical minimum acceptable rate is 10
-12
Optical Budget
Optical Budget is affected by:
Fiber attenuation
Splices
Patch Panels/Connectors
Optical components (filters, amplifiers, etc)
Bends in fiber
Contamination (dirt/oil on connectors)
Basic Optical Budget = Output Power Input Sensitivity
Pout = +6 dBm R = -30 dBm
Budget = 36 dB
Glass Purity
Propagation Distance Need to Reduce the
Transmitted Light Power by 50% (3 dB)
Window Glass 1 inch (~3 cm)
Optical Quality Glass 10 feet (~3 m)
Fiber Optics 9 miles (~14 km)
Fiber Optics Requires
Very High Purity Glass
Attenuation
Dispersion
Nonlinearity
Waveform After 1000 Km Transmitted Data Waveform
Distortion
It May Be a Digital Signal, but Its Analog Transmission
Fiber Fundamentals
Attenuation:
Reduces power level with distance
Dispersion and Nonlinearities:
Erodes clarity with distance and speed
Signal detection and recovery is an analog problem
Analog Transmission Effects
Cladding Core
Coating
Fiber Geometry
An optical fiber is made of
three sections:
The core carries the
light signals
The cladding keeps the light
in the core
The coating protects the glass
U
n
2
n
1
Cladding
U
Core
Intensity Profile
Propagation in Fiber
Light propagates by total internal reflections
at the core-cladding interface
Total internal reflections are lossless
Each allowed ray is a mode
n
2
n
1
Cladding
Core
n
2
n
1
Cladding
Core
Different Types of Fiber
Multimode fiber
Core diameter varies
50 mm for step index
62.5 mm for graded index
Bit rate-distance product
>500 MHz-km
Single-mode fiber
Core diameter is about 9 mm
Bit rate-distance product
>100 THz-km
Light
Ultraviolet (UV)
Visible
Infrared (IR)
Communication wavelengths
850, 1310, 1550 nm
Low-loss wavelengths
Specialty wavelengths
980, 1480, 1625 nm
UV
IR
Visible
850 nm
980 nm
1310 nm
1480 nm
1550 nm
1625 nm
125 GHz/nm
Wavelength: (nanometers)
Frequency: ] (terahertz)
C =] x
Optical Spectrum
Optical Attenuation
Specified in loss per kilometer
(dB/km)
0.40 dB/km at 1310 nm
0.25 dB/km at 1550 nm
Loss due to absorption
by impurities
1400 nm peak due to OH ions
EDFA optical amplifiers
available in 1550 window
1310
Window
1550
Window
T
T
P
i
P
0
Optical Attenuation
Pulse amplitude reduction limits how far
Attenuation in dB
Power is measured in dBm:
Examples Examples
10dBm 10dBm 10 mW 10 mW
0 dBM 0 dBM 1 mW 1 mW
-3 dBm -3 dBm 500 uW 500 uW
-10 dBm -10 dBm 100 uW 100 uW
-30 dBm -30 dBm 1 uW 1 uW
)
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
Single-mode fiber supports two polarization states
Fast and slow axes have different group velocities
Causes spreading of the light pulse
Chromatic Dispersion
Different wavelengths travel at different speeds
Causes spreading of the light pulse
Types of Dispersion
Affects single channel and DWDM systems
A pulse spreads as it travels down the fiber
Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) leads to
performance impairments
Degradation depends on:
laser used (spectral width)
bit-rate (temporal pulse separation)
Different SM types
Interference
A Snapshot on Chromatic Dispersion
60 Km SMF-28
4 Km SMF-28
10 Gbps
40 Gbps
Limitations From Chromatic Dispersion
t
t
Dispersion causes pulse distortion,
pulse "smearing" effects
Higher bit-rates and shorter pulses are less
robust to Chromatic Dispersion
Limits "how fast and how far
Combating Chromatic Dispersion
Use DSF and NZDSF fibers
(G.653 & G.655)
Dispersion Compensating Fiber
Transmitters with narrow spectral width
Dispersion Compensating Fiber
Dispersion
Compensating Fiber:
By joining fibers with CD of
opposite signs (polarity) and
suitable lengths an average
dispersion close to zero can
be obtained; the
compensating fiber can be
several kilometers and the
reel can be inserted at any
point in the link, at the
receiver or at the transmitter
Dispersion Compensation
Transmitter
Dispersion
Compensators
Dispersion Shifted Fiber Cable
+100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

D
i
s
p
e
r
s
i
o
n

(
p
s
/
n
m
)
Total Dispersion Controlled
Distance from
Transmitter (km)
No Compensation
With Compensation
How Far Can I Go Without Dispersion?
Distance (Km) =
Specification of Transponder (ps/nm)
Coefficient of Dispersion of Fiber (ps/nm*km)
A laser signal with dispersion tolerance of 3400 ps/nm
is sent across a standard SMF fiber which has a Coefficient of
Dispersion of 17 ps/nm*km.
It will reach 200 Km at maximum bandwidth.
Note that lower speeds will travel farther.
Polarization Mode Dispersion
Caused by ovality of
core due to:
Manufacturing process
Internal stress (cabling)
External stress (trucks)
Only discovered in
the 90s
Most older fiber not
characterized for PMD
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
The optical pulse tends to broaden as it travels
down the fiber; this is a much weaker phenomenon
than chromatic dispersion and it is of little
relevance at bit rates of 10Gb/s or less
n
x
n
y
Ex
Ey
Pulse As It Enters the Fiber Spreaded Pulse As It Leaves the Fiber
Combating Polarization Mode Dispersion
Factors contributing to PMD
Bit Rate
Fiber core symmetry
Environmental factors
Bends/stress in fiber
Imperfections in fiber
Solutions for PMD
Improved fibers
Regeneration
Follow manufacturers recommended installation techniques
for the fiber cable
SMF-28(e) (standard, 1310 nm optimized, G.652)
Most widely deployed so far, introduced in 1986, cheapest
DSF (Dispersion Shifted, G.653)
Intended for single channel operation at 1550 nm
NZDSF (Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted, G.655)
For WDM operation, optimized for 1550 nm region
TrueWave, FreeLight, LEAF, TeraLight
Latest generation fibers developed in mid 90s
For better performance with high capacity DWDM systems
MetroCor, WideLight
Low PMD ULH fibers
Types of Single-Mode Fiber
The primary Difference is in the Chromatic Dispersion Characteristics
Different Solutions for
Different Fiber Types
SMF
(G.652)
Good for TDM at 1310 nm
OK for TDM at 1550
OK for DWDM (With Dispersion Mgmt)
DSF
(G.653)
OK for TDM at 1310 nm
Bad for DWDM (C-Band)
NZDSF
(G.655)
Good for DWDM (C + L Bands)
Extended Band
(G.652.C)
(suppressed attenuation
in the traditional water
peak region)
OK for DWDM (With Dispersion Mgmt
Good for CWDM (>8 wavelengths)
The 3 Rs of Optical Networking
A Light Pulse Propagating in a Fiber Experiences 3 Type of Degradations:
Loss of Energy Loss of Energy
Loss of Timing (Jitter)
(From Various Sources)
Loss of Timing (Jitter)
(From Various Sources) t
t
s
Optimum
Sampling Time
t
t
s
Optimum
Sampling Time
Phase Variation
Shape Distortion Shape Distortion
Pulse as It Enters the Fiber Pulse as It Exits the Fiber
Re-Shape Re-Shape
DCU DCU
The 3 Rs of Optical Networking (Cont.)
The Options to Recover the Signal from Attenuation/Dispersion/Jitter
Degradation Are:
Pulse as It Enters the Fiber Pulse as It Exits the Fiber
Amplify to Boost the Power Amplify to Boost the Power
t
t
s
Optimum
Sampling Time
t
t
s
Optimum
Sampling Time
Phase Variation
Re-Generate Re-Generate
O-E-O
Re-gen, Re-shape and
Remove Optical Noise
t
t
s
Optimum
Sampling Time
Phase Re-Alignment
DWDM
Agenda
Introduction
Components
Forward Error Correction
DWDM Design
Summary
Increasing Network Capacity Options
Faster Electronics
(TDM)
Higher bit rate, same fiber
Electronics more expensive
More Fibers
(SDM)
Same bit rate, more fibers
Slow Time to Market
Expensive Engineering
Limited Rights of Way
Duct Exhaust
W
D
M
Same fiber & bit rate, more s
Fiber Compatibility
Fiber Capacity Release
Fast Time to Market
Lower Cost of Ownership
Utilizes existing TDM Equipment
Single Single
Fiber (One Fiber (One
Wavelength) Wavelength)
Channel 1
Channel n
Single Fiber Single Fiber
(Multiple (Multiple
Wavelengths) Wavelengths)
l1 l1
l2 l2
ln ln
Fiber Networks
Time division multiplexing
Single wavelength per fiber
Multiple channels per fiber
4 OC-3 channels in OC-12
Wave division multiplexing
Multiple wavelengths per fiber
4, 16, 32, 64 channels
per system
Multiple channels per fiber
DS DS- -1 1
DS DS- -3 3
OC OC- -1 1
OC OC- -3 3
OC OC- -12 12
OC OC- -48 48
OC OC- -12c 12c
OC OC- -48c 48c
OC OC- -192c 192c
Fiber Fiber
DWDM DWDM
OADM OADM
SONET SONET
ADM ADM
Fiber Fiber
TDM and DWDM Comparison
TDM (SONET/SDH)
Takes sync and async signals
and multiplexes them to a
single higher optical bit rate
E/O or O/E/O conversion
(D)WDM
Takes multiple optical
signals and multiplexes
onto a single fiber
No signal format conversion
DWDM History
Early WDM (late 80s)
Two widely separated wavelengths (1310, 1550nm)
Second generation WDM (early 90s)
Two to eight channels in 1550 nm window
400+ GHz spacing
DWDM systems (mid 90s)
16 to 40 channels in 1550 nm window
100 to 200 GHz spacing
Next generation DWDM systems
64 to 160 channels in 1550 nm window
50 and 25 GHz spacing
TERM
TERM
TERM
Conventional TDM Transmission10 Gbps
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
40km
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
1310
RPTR
TERM
120 km
OC-48
OA OA
OA
OA
120 km
120 km
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
OC-48
DWDM Transmission10 Gbps
1 Fiber Pair
4 Optical Amplifiers
Why DWDMThe Business Case
TERM
4 Fibers Pairs
32 Regenerators
40km40km 40km40km 40km 40km 40km 40km
Drivers of WDM Economics
Fiber underground/undersea
Existing fiber
Conduit rights-of-way
Lease or purchase
Digging
Time-consuming, labor intensive, license
$15,000 to $90,000 per Km
3R regenerators
Space, power, OPS in POP
Re-shape, re-time and re-amplify
Simpler network management
Delayering, less complexity, less elements
Transparency
Can carry multiple protocols on same fiber
Monitoring can be aware of multiple protocols
Wavelength spacing
50GHz, 100GHz, 200GHz
Defines how many and which wavelengths can be used
Wavelength capacity
Example: 1.25Gb/s, 2.5Gb/s, 10Gb/s
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Characteristics of a WDM Network
Wavelength Characteristics
Optical Transmission Bands
Band Wavelength (nm)
820 - 900
1260 1360
New Band 1360 1460
S-Band 1460 1530
C-Band 1530 1565
L-Band 1565 1625
U-Band 1625 1675
ITU Wavelength Grid
ITU-T grid is based on 191.7 THz + 100 GHz
It is a standard for laser in DWDM systems
1530.33 nm 1553.86 nm
0.80 nm
v
195.9 THz 193.0 THz
100 GHz
Freq (THz) ITU Ch Wave (nm) 15201/252 15216 15800 15540 15454
192.90 29 1554.13 x x x x x
192.85 1554.54
192.80 28 1554.94 x x x x x
192.75 1555.34
192.70 27 1555.75 x x x x x
192.65 1556.15
192.60 26 1556.55 x x x x x
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
Wavelength in Nanometers (nm)
0.2 dB/Km
0.5 dB/Km
2.0 dB/Km
Attenuation vs. Wavelength Attenuation vs. Wavelength
S-Band:14601530nm
L-Band:15651625nm
C-Band:15301565nm
Fiber Attenuation Characteristics
Fibre Attenuation Curve
Ability to put multiple services onto a single
wavelength
Characteristics of a WDM Network
Sub-wavelength Multiplexing or MuxPonding
Why DWDM?
The Technical Argument
DWDM provides enormous amounts of
scaleable transmission capacity
Unconstrained by speed of
available electronics
Subject to relaxed dispersion and nonlinearity
tolerances
Capable of graceful capacity growth
Agenda
Introduction
Components
DWDM Design
Optical Multiplexer
Optical De-multiplexer
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
(OADM)
Transponder
DWDM Components
1
2
3
1
2
3
? 15xx
1
2
3
1...n
1...n
Optical Amplifier
(EDFA)
Optical Attenuator
Variable Optical Attenuator
Dispersion Compensator (DCM / DCU)
More DWDM Components
VOA EDFA DCM
VOA EDFA DCM
Service Mux
(Muxponder)
Service Mux
(Muxponder)
DWDM SYSTEM DWDM SYSTEM
Typical DWDM Network Architecture
Transponders
Converts broadband optical signals to a specific wavelength via
optical to electrical to optical conversion (O-E-O)
Used when Optical LTE (Line Termination Equipment) does not
have tight tolerance ITU optics
Performs 2R or 3R regeneration function
Receive Transponders perform reverse function
Low Cost IR/SR
Optics
Wavelengths
Converted
1
From Optical
OLTE
To DWDM Mux
OEO
OEO
OEO
2
n
Performance Monitoring
Performance monitoring performed on a
per wavelength basis through transponder
No modification of overhead
Data transparency is preserved
Laser Characteristics
c Power
Power
c
DWDM Laser
Distributed Feedback (DFB)
Active medium
Mirror
Partially transmitting
Mirror
Amplified light
Non DWDM Laser
Fabry Perot
Spectrally broad
Unstable center/peak wavelength
Dominant single laser line
Tighter wavelength control
DWDM Receiver Requirements
Receivers Common to all Transponders
Not Specific to wavelength (Broadband)
I
Optical Amplifier
P
out
= GP
in
P
in
EDFA amplifiers
Separate amplifiers for C-band and L-band
Source of optical noise
Simple
GG
OA Gain
Typical
Fiber Loss
4 THz
25 THz
OA Gain and Fiber Loss
OA gain is centered in 1550 window
OA bandwidth is less than fiber bandwidth
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
Simple device consisting of four parts:
Erbium-doped fiber
An optical pump (to invert the population).
A coupler
An isolator to cut off backpropagating noise
Isolator Coupler Isolator Coupler
Erbium-Doped
Fiber (1050m)
Pump
Laser
Pump
Laser
Pump
Laser
Pump
Laser
Optical Signal-to Noise Ratio (OSNR)
Depends on :
Optical Amplifier Noise Figure:
(OSNR)
in
= (OSNR)
out
NF
Target : Large Value for X
Signal Level
Noise Level
X dB
EDFA Schematic EDFA Schematic
(OSNR)
out
(OSNR)
in
NF
P
in
Loss Management: Limitations
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
Each amplifier adds noise, thus the optical
SNR decreases gradually along the chain;
we can have only have a finite number of
amplifiers and spans and eventually
electrical regeneration will be necessary
Gain flatness is another key parameter
mainly for long amplifier chains
Each EDFA at the Output Cuts at Least in a Half
(3dB) the OSNR Received at the Input
Noise Figure > 3 dB
Typically between 4 and 6
Noise Figure > 3 dB
Typically between 4 and 6
n
Dielectric Filter
Well established technology, up to 200 layers
Optical Filter Technology
Multiplexer / Demultiplexer
Wavelengths
Converted via
Transponders
Wavelength
Multiplexed
Signals
DWDM
Mux
DWDM
Demux
Wavelength
Multiplexed
Signals
Wavelengths
separated into
individual ITU
Specific lambdas
Loss of power for each Lambda
Optical Add/Drop Filters (OADMs)
OADMs allow flexible add/drop of channels
Drop Channel
Add Channel
Drop & Insert
Pass Through loss and Add/Drop loss
Agenda
Introduction
Components
DWDM Design
Summary
Transmission Errors
Errors happen!
A old problem of our era (PCs, wireless)
Bursty appearance rather than distributed
Noisy medium (ASE, distortion, PMD)
TX/RX instability (spikes, current surges)
Detect is good, correct is better
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmission
Channel
Information
Information
Noise
Error Correction
Error correcting codes both detect errors
and correct them
Forward Error Correction (FEC) is a system
adds additional information to the data stream
corrects eventual errors that are caused by the
transmission system.
Low BER achievable on noisy medium
FEC Performance, Theoretical
Received Optical
power (dBm)
Bit Error Rate
10
-30
10
-10
-46 -44 -42 -40 -38
1
10
-20
-36 -34 -32
BER without FEC
BER with FEC
Coding Gain
BER floor
FEC gain b 6.3 dB @ 10
-15
BER
FEC in DWDM Systems
FEC implemented on transponders (TX, RX, 3R)
No change on the rest of the system
IP
SDH
ATM
.
.
FEC
FEC
FEC
2.48 G 2.66 G
9.58 G 10.66 G
IP
SDH
ATM
.
.
FEC
FEC
FEC
2.66 G 2.48 G
10.66 G 9.58 G
Agenda
Introduction
Components
DWDM Design
Summary
DWDM Design Topics
DWDM Challenges
Unidirectional vs. Bidirectional
Protection
Capacity
Distance
Transmission Effects
Attenuation:
Reduces power level with distance
Dispersion and nonlinear effects:
Erodes clarity with distance and speed
Noise and Jitter:
Leading to a blurred image
OA
Solution for Attenuation
Loss Loss
Optical
Amplification
Optical
Amplification
Solution For Chromatic Dispersion
Length
Dispersion
+D -D
Dispersion Dispersion
Saw Tooth
Compensation
Saw Tooth
Compensation
Total dispersion averages to ~ zero
Fiber spool Fiber spool
DCU DCU
Uni Versus Bi-directional DWDM
DWDM systems can be implemented in two different ways
Bi -directional

o
7
?
Fiber

2

4
Uni -directional

7
Fiber
Fiber

7
2
4
o
?
2
4
o
?
Uni-directional:
wavelengths for one direction
travel within one fiber
two fibers needed for
full-duplex system
Bi-directional:
a group of wavelengths for each
direction
single fiber operation for full-
duplex system
Uni Versus Bi-directional DWDM (cont.)
32
32
Full band
Full band
Channel
Spacing
100 GHz
16
16
Blue-band
Red-band
Channel
Spacing
100 GHz
16
16
Uni-directional 32 channels system
Bi-directional 32 channels system
32 ch
full
duplex
16 ch
full
duplex
DWDM Protection Review
Y-Cable and Line Card
Protected
Client Protected Unprotected
Splitter Protected
1 Transponder
1 Client
Interface
1 client & 1 trunk laser (one transponder)
needed, only 1 path available
No protection in case of fiber cut,
transponder failure, client failure, etc..
Unprotected
2 Transponders 2 Client
interfaces
2 client & 2 trunk lasers (two transponders)
needed, two optically unprotected paths
Protection via higher layer protocol
Client Protected Mode
Only 1 client & 1 trunk laser (single
transponder) needed
Protects against Fiber Breaks
Optical
Splitter
Switch
Working
lambda
protected
lambda
Optical Splitter Protection
2 client & 2 trunk lasers (two transponders)
needed
Increased cost & availability
2 Transponders
Only one
TX active
working
lambda
protected
lambda
Y cable
Line Card / Y- Cable Protection
Wavelengths
B
i
t

R
a
t
e
Distance
Solution
Space
Designing for Capacity
Goal is to maximize transmission capacity and system
reach
Figure of merit is Gbps Km
Long-haul systems push the envelope
Metro systems are considerably simpler
Designing for Distance
Amplifier Spacing
G= Gain of Amplifier
S
P
out
P
noise
P
in
D = Link Distance
L = Fiber Loss in a Span
Link distance (D) is limited by the minimum
acceptable electrical SNR at the receiver
Dispersion, Jitter, or optical SNR can be limit
Amplifier spacing (S) is set by span loss (L)
Closer spacing maximizes link distance (D)
Economics dictates maximum hut spacing
Link Distance vs. OA Spacing
2.5
5
10
20
2000 4000 6000 8000 0
Total System Length (km)
W
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h

C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

(
G
b
/
s
)
Amp Spacing
60 km
80 km
100 km
120 km
140 km
System cost and and link distance both depend
strongly on OA spacing
OEO Regeneration in DWDM Networks
OA noise and fiber dispersion limit total
distance before regeneration
Optical-Electrical-Optical conversion
Full 3R functionality: Reamplify, Reshape, Retime
Longer spans can be supported using back
to back systems
Express channels must be
regenerated
Two complete DWDM
terminals needed
Provides drop-and- continue
functionality
Express channels only
amplified, not regenerated
Reduces size, power
and cost
Back-to-back DWDM
Optical add/drop multiplexer
7
1
2
3
4
N
OADM
7
1
2
3
4
N
7
1
2
3
4
N
7
1
2
3
4
N
3R with Optical Multiplexor and OADM
Agenda
Introduction
Components
DWDM Design
Summary
DWDM Benefits
DWDM provides hundreds of Gbps of
scalable transmission capacity today
Provides capacity beyond
TDMs capability
Supports incremental, modular growth
Transport foundation for next
generation networks
Metro DWDM
Metro DWDM is an emerging market for next
generation DWDM equipment
The value proposition is very different from the
long haul
Rapid-service provisioning
Protocol/bitrate transparency
Carrier Class Optical Protection
Metro DWDM is not yet as widely deployed

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ONS 15454 MSTP

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