Control Of Solar Power Conversion

By Dr. Allon Guez

Professor ,ECE dept. Drexel University

Mr. Harshad Tadas

Graduate Student , ECE Dept. Drexel University

We have reviewed the Photovoltaic cell Model and state of the art power control techniques

OUTLINE
1. A Simple Model of solar cell 2. MATLAB simulation of Solar cell driving RLC load 3. Review of Different MPPT algorithm 4. References

Due to depletion of non renewable energy sources Solar Power is Need of the Day. Solar Power is clean, renewable and less maintenance

1. MODELING OF THE PV CELLS

The expression of the I-V curve

where

Voltage equation for PV Cell

where

Simulation of solar panel ASE 30-DG-UT (32W) manufactured by ASE Americas Panel specifications: Maximum Output power: PMPP = 32W Short circuit current: Isc = 0.6A Open circuit voltage: Voc=95V Voltage at maximum power: VMPP=68V Current at maximum power: IMPP=0.47A

IV Curve

PV curve

2. MATLAB simulation of Solar cell driving RLC load

dx2 dx x ! L 2  Rx2  1 dt dt C

Circuit for simulation S1,S2 and S3,S4 are switched according to duty cycle and switching frequency Differential Equations governing the simulation

dx1 ! x2 dt
Where

dx2 dx x ! L 2  Rx2  1 dt dt C

x2

x1

= Charge = current

Main Loop x1(1)=0; %Initial conditions x2(1)=0; FS=11000Hz; Ts=1/FS;% switching period DC=.7;% Duty Cycle R=200; % Resistance L=.04; %inductance C=.2*10^-6; %capacitance NP=700; % # periods of simulation NSP=10; % # sampls per period dt=Ts/NSP; %sampling period for j=1:NP for k=1:NSP i= NSP*(j-1)+k; flag(i)=1; if k*dt>DC*Ts flag(i)=-1; end v(i)=flag(i)*scvtg(x2(i)); p(i)=(v(i)*x2(i))^2; % inst power x1(i+1)=x1(i)+dt*x2(i); x2(i+1)=x2(i)+(dt/L)*(v(i)-R*x2(i)-(x1(i)/(C))); end end

function [v]=scvtg(X) Pmpp= 32; Voc= 95; Isc=0.6; Vmpp=68; Impp=0.47; B=((Impp/(Isc-Impp))+log((IscImpp)/Isc))/(((2*Vmpp)/Voc)-1); Rs=(Pmpp/(Impp^2))-((Voc/B)*(1/(IscImpp))); v=(Voc*(((log((Isc-X)/Isc))/B)+1))-(Rs*X);

Challenges: Photovoltaic generation output characteristic is unstable due to the changes in solar radiation and temperature. Solar cell conversion efficiency is less ie. only about 40% efficiency Initial setup is very costly.

To Minimize power losses Operate PV source in Maximum power region during different environmental condition DC DC converters called Maximum Power Point Trackers are used.

3. Review of Different MPPT algorithms

The Concept Of MPPT

MMPT has a task to virtually change the slope of load line to make it intersect at M

Block Diagram of PV system with Components of MPPT

Various MPPT Algorithms

The Perturb and Observe (P&O) Incremental Conductance (INCC) Constant Voltage Method

1.1 Voltage Based P&O P1 is calculated at V1 and Changed by dV (Const) P2 is calculated at V2 If P=P2-P1 is +ve, V is increased till it reaches Pm. Voltage is varied using PWM Any further increase in V will decrease P Thus this algorithm oscillates between pt. A &B

Voltage Based P&O algorithm require 2 loops

For changing Voltage using PWM For Changing Power by changing Voltage
And thus Sampling Loop and algorithm coding length increases This can be removed by tracking the power versus Duty Cycle

1.2 Duty Cycle Based P&O

Drawback of P&O algorithm

Tendency of Tracking in Wrong Direction due to change in atmosphere When power is oscillating between A and B if solar radiation starts increasing , duty cycle change moves operating point to C because power level has increased . But C is away from MPP and thus P&O fails to track MPP

2. Incremental Conductance
Slope in P-V curve is Either positive negative or zero on the left , right and peak point respectively Hence Operating point is at MPP if This implies At MPP Left and right side of PV curve

INCC does not calculate power and only voltage and current value carry on tracking. Since this algorithm observes which side of curve the operating Point is working on, Thus this is a eminent Drift Free Tracking . Since INCC has a division operation hardware and software implementation is relatively complex .

3. Constant voltage method This method makes use of the fact that the ratio of maximum power point voltage and the open circuit voltage is 0.76. First the open circuit voltage Voc is calculated and then Vmpp is easily obtained. The operating point is forced to reach optimal value This technique is often used in cheaper instrument like solar lantern

Drawbacks
The current from the photovoltaic array must be set to zero momentarily to measure the open circuit voltage and then afterwards set to 76% of the measured voltage. Energy is wasted during the time the current is set to zero. The approximation setting the voltage to 76% of the measured voltage is not accurate.

4. References
By A. K. Mukerjee and Nivedita Thakur

Photovoltaic systems: Analysis and Design

By Dorin PETREU , Cristian F RCA , Ionu CIOCAN

MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

Evaluation of Micro Controller Based Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods Using dSPACE Platform
By Yen-Jung Mark Tung , Dr. Aiguo Patrick Hu