Presented by

Muhammad Wajahat Liaqat

AGP: Accelerated Graphic Port

PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect

CPU type and speed Chipset Secondary cache type Types of Expansion slots Number of Expansion slots Type of memory

Number of memory sockets and maximum memory Type of case ROM Type of keyboard

Motherboard Components
CMOS Battery AGP Expansion Slot LPT 1 Printer Port

BIOS Chip

PS/2 Mouse& Ps/2 Keyboard Connector USB Port

ATX Power Connector PCI Expansion Slots

CPU Socket 370

DIMM Memory Sockets

ChipSet

Primary and Secondary IDE Controllers

Floppy Drive Controller

(Accelerated Graphics Port) A high-speed port developed by Intel that is designed for the display adapter (video card) only. It provides a direct connection between the card and memory, and only one AGP slot is on the motherboard. AGP uses a 32-bit bus and is generally brown in color.

A battery that maintains the time, date, hard disk and other configuration settings in the CMOS memory.

BIOS Basic Input /Output system- The BIOS, or Basic Input/Output System, provides lowlevel access to the computer's hardware. The BIOS resides on a chip on the motherboard

Peripheral Component Interconnect) A peripheral bus commonly used in PCs PCI provides "plug and play" capability, automatically configuring the PCI cards at startup PCI runs at 33MHz, supports 32- and 64-bit data paths and bus mastering PCI expansion slots are also identified by their white color

(Integrated Drive Electronics) A type of hardware interface widely used to connect hard disks, CD-ROMs and tape drives to a PC. Today, two Enhanced IDE (EIDE) sockets are built onto the motherboard, and each socket connects to two devices via a 40-pin ribbon cable

A 34 pin adapter on the Motherboard that attaches to the controller.

(Dual In-Line Memory Module) A printed circuit board that holds memory chips and plugs into a DIMM socket on the motherboard
DIMMs (dual in-line memory modules) doubles the number of paths between the module and motherboard by using each side of the edge connector independently.

A device designed to attach the Central Processing Unit (CPU) to the Motherboards internal circuitry

Processor Slot


Socket 5 (75 133 MHz)

Number of Pins Pin Rows 2nd Generation Voltage

320 5 3.3 volts 321 2.5 3.5 volts 478

 Socket 7 (75 200 MHz)

Number of Pins Voltage Number of Pins

 Socket 478 (1.4 3.4 GHz)

SOCKET 7

SOCKET 478

A 20 pin connector used to supply power the motherboard components.

A 6-pin Mini-DIN plug and socket used to connect a keyboard and mouse to a computer.

In a PC, the logical name assigned to parallel port #1. The parallel port is typically used for the printer. A second parallel port, if installed, is assigned to LPT2.

In a PC, the logical name assigned to the first serial port. Two serial ports, or COM ports, are provided on a PC to connect a mouse and modem. Typically the mouse is on COM1, and the modem on COM2.

A set of chips that provides the interfaces between all of the PC's subsystems. It provides the buses and electronics to allow the CPU, memory and input/output devices to interact.

Universal Serial Bus) A hardware interface for lowspeed peripherals such as the keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner, printer and telephony devices. USB has a maximum bandwidth of 12 Mbits/sec (equivalent to 1.5 Mbytes/sec USB's hot swap capability allows everything to be plugged in and unplugged without turning the system off.

Nonintegrated Nonintegrated system boards have each major assembly in the computer as expansion cards. Integrated Integrated system boards are called that most of the components that would otherwise be installed as expansion cards are integrated into motherboard circuitry

CPU is the brain of computer, sometimes referred to simply Processor Most calculations are take place in CPU CPU, is to control and direct all the activities of the computer using both external and internal buses It is a processor chip consisting of an array of millions of transistors

The speed of a CPU is determined by an internal clock. The CPU clock breathes life into the CPU by feeding it a constant flow of pulses. For example, a 200MHz CPU receives 200 million pulses per second. CPUs are measured how fast they can process information. The speed is measured in Mega Hertz (million) or Giga Hertz (billion) clock cycles per second. A 1.1 GHz process means that the CPU can do 1.1 Billion Cycles per second!

Registers: These components are special memory locations that can be accessed very fast. Three registers are shown: the Instruction Register (IR), the Program Counter (PC), and the Accumulator. Buses: These components are the information highway for the CPU. Buses are bundles of tiny wires that carry data between components. The three most important buses are the address, the data, and the control buses

ALU: This component is the number cruncher of the CPU. The Arithmetic / Logic Unit performs all the mathematical calculations of the CPU. The ALU, however, can add, subtract, multiply, divide, and perform a host of other calculations on binary numbers. Control Unit: This component is responsible for directing the flow of instructions and data within the CPU. The Control Unit is actually built of many other selection circuits such as decoders and multiplexers. In the diagram, the Decoder and the Multiplexer compose the Control Unit.

A collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another You can think of a bus as a highway on which data travels within a computer. When used in reference to personal computers, the term bus usually refers to internal bus. This is a bus that connects all the internal computer components to the CPU and main memory.

A CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the average time to access memory The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies of the data from the most frequently used main memory locations The fastest cache RAM is inside the CPU. It is called L1 cache. The next layer is the L2 cache, which are small SRAM chips on the motherboard

Intel Pentium processor Extreme Edition Intel Pentium Dual-Core processor Intel Pentium D processor Intel Pentium 4 processor Extreme Edition supporting Hyper-Threading Technology

Intel Core2 Extreme processor QX9650 Intel Core2 Quad processor Intel Core2 Duo processor Intel Celeron Processor family Intel Celeron processor Intel Celeron D processor

As CPUs became faster with more transistors built into them, excessive heat build-up do to electrical resistance became a factor in its performance. Manufacturers began to designed cooling systems needed to dissipate the heat away from the CPU. Heat sinks and fans are two of the most common ways in which to dissipate excess heat.

Heat Sink Compound / Paste Heat sinks operate by conducting heat from the processor to the heat sink and then radiating it to the air. The better the transfer of heat between the two surfaces (the CPU and the heat sink metal) the better the cooling. To improve the thermal connection between the processor and heat sink, a special chemical called heat sink compound should be used. A thin layer of this is spread between the two, which greatly improves heat transfer and the cooling of the processor

Types of main memory

There are two types of main memory, Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM)

Random Access Memory (RAM)

holds its data as long as the computer is switched on All data in RAM is lost when the computer is switched off Described as being volatile It is direct access as it can be both written to or read from in any order Its purpose is to temporarily hold programs and data for processing. In modern computers it also holds the operating system

Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)

Contents are constantly refreshed 1000 times per second  stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit  Access time 60 70 nanoseconds  Note: a nanosecond is one billionth of a second!


Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)

Doesnt need refreshing  Retains contents as long as power applied to the chip  Access time around 10 nanoseconds  Used for cache memory


Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)

DIMMs are dual-side memory chips that hold twice as many chips as a SIMM  72 to 168 pins  Some DIMMs are 32-bit, but more and more are 64-bit


SIMM (Single Inline memory Module)

DIPs are arrange in single row, can be removed from board easily  Most memory chips are 32-bit  for 64-bit processor two chips need to be installed


A connector inside of your computer that a printed circuit board can be plugged into that allows the addition of new or expanded capabilities to your computer. These connectors and the printed circuit boards plugged into them use buses or channels on the circuit board to send and receive information from one component to another component. A bus is a set of parallel conductors, which allow devices attached to it to communicate with the CPU Central Processing Unit.

Most computers have at least one expansion slot. All types of expansion slots do basically the same thing but they are not interchangeable. The technology that supports each slot is different and the cards themselves are different sizes and shapes.

An older style expansion slot that is usually found on 80286, 80386, and 80486 computers. Featured a 16-bit data path.

y y y

Allows you to add up to 7 devices to your computer. Faster transfer of data than a parallel port. Was a standard on older Macintosh computers.

Developed so that peripherals could be connected on the outside of the computer. Hot swappable, you can add or remove a device and the computer will detect the change. USB will configure a new peripheral for you. The transfer rate with USB is faster than parallel but slower than SCSI.

USB

Supports both 16 & 32 bit data path. Designed for laptop computers. Three types of cards each with different thickness.

A data transfer protocol used to transfer digital video. Installed in a PCI slot on your computer or PCMCIA in a laptop. Data transfer rates up to 400M/sec.

A printed circuit board that plugs into both the clients (personal computers or workstations) and servers and controls the exchange of data between them. A transmission medium, such as twisted pair, coax or fiber optic, interconnects all adapters to network hubs or switches, or in the case of a bus network, to each other.

15 PIN Attachment Unit Interface (AUI)

In a PC the NIC plugs into a PCI or ISA slot on the motherboard The graphic displays the three most common transmission medium interfaces.

Coaxial Cable Connection

Cat5 Ethernet Connection

A Sound Card is a personal computer expansion board that records and plays back sound, providing inputs from a microphone or other sound source and outputs to speakers or an external amplifier.

An expansion board that plugs into a desktop computer that converts the images created in the computer to the electronic signals required by the monitor. It determines the maximum resolution, maximum refresh rate and the number of colors that can be sent to the monitor. The monitor must be equally capable of handling its highest resolution and refresh.

Power supply - Internet URL http://www.pcguide.com/ref/power/sup/index.htm

Convert household power into a form the computer can use. Provides power to every device in the computer. The Power Supply converts AC (alternating current) which is external power to DC (direct current) internal power that the computer can use.

Stability provides sufficient power to PC. Cooling - The power supply contains the main fan that controls the flow of air through the PC case. Energy Efficiency - Newer PC power supplies work with components to reduce the amount of power they consume when idle. Expandability - The capacity of your power supply is one factor that will determine your ability to add new drives to your system A power supply is responsible for 28% of computer problems and is 2% of the computer cost.

Floppy Drive

Hard Drive

Floppy Disk Drives

Floppy disk drives read and write data to a small, circular piece of metal-coated plastic similar to an audio cassette tape.

The floppy disk drive (FDD) was invented at IBM by Alan Shugart in 1967. The first floppy drives used an 8-inch disk (later called a "diskette" as it got smaller), which evolved into the 5.25-inch disk that was used on the first IBM Personal Computer in August 1981. The 5.25-inch disk held 360 kilobytes compared to the 1.44 megabyte capacity of today's 3.5-inch diskette.

Read Write heads Internal circuitry

Spindle Motor

4 pin power connector

Ribbon cable Connector

Eject button

Front Bezel

Stepper Motor

Floppy Drive Controller

The Floppy Drive is connected to the Motherboard via the Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) Controller. Two Floppy Drives can be connected to each FDD controller on the Motherboard. The twist on the end of the IDE cable indicates the master setting.
Floppy Drive Ribbon Cable

Introduction To Disk Storage Devices

Hard Disk Drives

Main location where all data is stored.

Like an old-fashioned record player data is recorded and retrieved by a magnetic head mounted on a movable arm.

Head Actuator Head Arm Disk Platter Chassis

Mechanically connects the arms into a single assemble, that is positioned over the disk, controls the head arm.

Head Actuator

Holds the read/write heads. Can move from hub to edge and back up to 50 times per second.

Head Arm

y y

Round flat disks Store data in the form of magnetic patterns. Data is stored on both sides of the platter. Rotate at very high speeds

Disk Platters

Chassis

Encases and holds all the hard drive components

Can store 512 bytes

Sector = small arc of track

Track= concentric circle

A Hard Drive connects to the Motherboards Primary or Secondary IDE Controllers.

2 IDE devices can be connected to each motherboard IDE controller at one time. The first IDE device is designated as a Master and the second IDE device is designated as the Slave. Master and slave settings are usually accomplished through jumpers.

Components Needed
IDE Cable

Jumper Two Hard Drives

Step One

Locate the Primary IDE Controller on the Motherboard

Primary IDE Controller

Step Two

Attach the IDE cable to the Primary controller on the Motherboard

Step Four

Designate which hard Drive you want to be the master and which hard drive you want to be the slave. Master Drive designates where you want the controller to search first on the IDE cable. Should be placed on the end of the cable) The Master would normally contain your computers operating system.

Step Five

Place the jumpers in their proper pin settings, designating one HD as the master and the other as the slave. Newer hard drives will indicate on the top cover where the master and slave settings are placed. If you have an older hard drive you might have to lookup the settings on the Internet.

Hard Drive #1 Master

Hard Drive #2 Slave