AS4100 Standard Grades and Sections

Asst. Prof. Hang Thu Vu hang@civil.uwa.edu.au

Lecture outline


Industry uses AS4100 for general purpose steel structure analysis and design. Within CIVL3111, we will refer to this standard as the main design code. General material properties to use for design to AS4100 Discuss available standard grades and sections for design to AS4100 Grades: overview of availability. Yield stress and tensile strength Sections: overview of availability. Effects of shapes on section capacity against loading actions Study the meanings, usages and how to compute section parameters I, Z, S Bending of steel members in elastic and plastic ranges Second moment of area I Elastic section modulus Z Plastic section modulus S

Material properties to use for design to AS4100

Basic parameter values and adjustment for elevated temperatures

Standard Grades

Designation of Grades


Table 2.1 in AS4100. This table gives values of yield stress and ultimate tensile strength for steel products that comply with the requirements of AS, AS/NZS manufacturing standards Standard grade usually starts with the number of the standard then characters and digits to stand for the grade. Example: AS/NZS 3679.1 350L0 Note: AS/NZS 1594 uses a different system of grade designation. Refer to AS/NZS 1594 Section 1.4

Hot-rolled and cold-form grades



Hot-rolled products (plates and sections) are in grades 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500. These may be obtained with notch ductile qualities (with suffix L0 or L15) and/or weatherresistant qualities (with prefix WR). Weathering steels are in Grade 350 only Hot-rolled welded sections are produced from AS/NZS 3678 plates; popularly in Grades 300, 400, WR350 Cold-formed hollow sections are with prefixes C. They are produced in Grades C250, C350, and C450. They may come with notch ductile L0 quality

Hot-rolled and cold-form grades

 Data

for design to AS4100 for the most commonly used sections and plates in Grades 250, 300, 350

Values of yield stress fy

Value of tensile strength fu

Existence of residual stress



The material usually does not cool down uniformly after rolling for the hot-rolled sections. A similar effect occurs when plates are welded at the junctions This induces initial residual stress in the members. Residual stresses may be as high as fy/2. They greatly affect the behaviour of steel members. Allowance must always be made for residual stress effect on structure behaviours

Existence of residual stress

Tips of flanges and middle of web cool and harden, more quickly than the rest of the cross-section. The harder parts are in a state of compression. The junctions, being held by the harder parts and unable to contract as far as they would otherwise, are placed in tension.

Standard sections

Standard sections and plates



Steel products are provided in standard sizes and shapes. For material availability and cost aspect, it is recommended to use standard sections in your design. Below are fundamental sections

Standard sections and plates

Effects of shapes on member strength



It is observed that steel is produced in various sections. These include "plate", "rounds, bars and rods", "angles", "channels" and "I-sections". The I-sections are produced as "beam" sections with Iyy much less than Ixx and "column" sections with Iyy of closer value to Ixx. Most of these sections are produced by rolling red hot steel. Most sections have parallel flanges (the "universal" beam and column sections, and the channels). Some "taper flange" Is and channels are also produced. It is possible to make very large sections (e.g. for bridge beams) by welding plate into the form of an I or box. Lengths are available from a minimum of 6 metres to a maximum of 30 metres. Refer to Table 2, OneSteel "Hot Rolled and Structural Products", 5th ed.

Effects of shapes on member strength



The main reason for existence of various section shapes is to maximize member strength while minimize the amount of used material for cost purpose Consider shape effects on member strength subjected to different types of loading Tension: stress depends on cross sectional area. It is independent of section shape. P W ! A Compression: if the member is bulky, stress in the squashed member is independent of section shape. It is similar to tension case

Effects of shapes on member strength



However, if buckling occurs, the buckling load that the member can withstand depends on second moment of area Ixx and Iyy.

T 2 EI Pcr ! 2 (kL) As the column buckle about the axis which is of weaker I, it is important to have Ixx and Iyy of similar magnitude (Universal columns) when there is no lateral bracing for weak axis

Effects of shapes on member strength



Bending: stress in a beam depends on the second moment of area I

My W! I


The bending moment which a beam can carry before its flange starts to yield is M=Zfy, where Z is the elastic modulus.

Z!


y max

If the moment is increased further, yielding spreads throughout the cross section. Total collapse occurs at a moment M=Sfy where S is the plastic section modulus (study later).

Effects of shapes on member strength



To maximize the section capacity for bending is to maximize Z and S. For a given amount of material, it is done by spreading the material away from the neutral axis xx associated with the bending. The I section is ideal for this purpose. A weak point is for the same amount of material when Ixx increases to support bending about xx axis, Iyy is reduced. It makes the beam flexible in the lateral direction, and prone to "lateral buckling (study later

Compare section properties for sections of same amount of material

 

Area A = 16000 mm2 Spread material further away from neutral axis to make rectangle, I shape (610 UB 125), truss

Compare section properties for sections of same amount of material

Section
Square Rectangle I beam Truss


I (mm4)
21.3 x 106 42.7 x 106 986 x 106 (Ad2)/4

Z (mm3)
337.4 x 103 477.4 x 103 3230 x 103 (Ad)/2

S (mm3)
506.1 x 103 716.1 x 103 3680 x 103 (Ad)/2

Ratio S/Z
1.5 1.5 1.14 1

The I shape is ideal for achieving high bending stiffness for the same amount of cross sectional area For some sections, S is computed by factoring Z with a factor k.
Square and rectangle: k = 1.5 exactly I beam: k ~ 1.15

You will learn how to compute S directly later. It is expected that you do not use the factoring approach in your calculation within this unit.

Bending of steel member in elastic and plastic ranges

Revision: Structural analysis

Revision: Structural analysis



We want to calculate the maximum values of actions (moment, shear force, axial force ..) for member design Free body diagram

Vertical reaction Ay, equivalent load P. At the cut of distance X from left end: shear force V, bending moment M

Revision: Structural analysis

  

1 The reaction at A is Ay ! wL 2 The equivalent point load at a distance x/2 from A is Take moment about the cut, M  1 wLx  wx x ! 0

P ! wx

 

2 2 1 wx 2 M ! wLx  2 2 1  V  wL  wx ! 0 Force equilibrium for y direction, 2 1 V ! wL  wx 2 1 Vmax ! wL Maximum shear force happens at end 2

Maximum bending moment happens at middle M max

wL2 ! 8

Revision: Structural analysis

Bending of a beam member



Bending stress the beam height

xx

of the cross-section of a beam varies along

My M W! ! I Z

The beam is under maximum stress when M=Mmax and y=ymax=d/2 The extreme fibre of the cross-section starts to yield when xx = fy. Hence, the moment capacity that a cross-section can take is

M y ! fyZ

Bending of a beam member

 

When the whole cross section yields the moment capacity increases to Ms. For design purpose (lower bound of plasticity), strain hardening is ignored. The material is termed as pure plasticity (see below figure). It is assumed that the maximum stress that anywhere in the cross section can reach is fy (see below figure)

Bending of a beam member

 

Z is termed elastic section modulus S is termed plastic section modulus

Second moment of area

Formulae
 

Second Moment of Area: also known with other names Second Moment Of Inertia, Area Moment of Inertia The mathematical equations to calculate the Second Moment of Area :

I xx ! y 2 dA
A

I yy ! x dA
2 A


y is the distance from the neutral axis xx to an infinitesimal area dA x is the distance from the neutral axis yy to an infinitesimal area dA

Example 1: Rectangular section

y 2 2 I xx ! y dA ! y bdy !b 3 d A
2

d 2

d 3 2 d 2

bd3 d3 !  3 8 8

bd 3 I xx ! 12

Example 2: Hollow sections



Rectangular hollow sections

b1d 1 b2 d 2  I xx ! 12 12

I sections

bd ch I xx ! 2 12 12

Example 3: Circular sections and Circular hollow sections

Tr I xx ! 4
4

T 4 4 I xx ! r1  r2 4

Neutral axis (NA) of non-symmetric sections.



When the section is non-symmetric, we need to find the location yc of the neutral axis with respect to a datum which is usually chosen at the base of the section
n

Ah
yc !
i !1 n

i i

A
i !1

The sign shows the contributions from all n elements of the cross section.

Neutral axis of non-symmetric sections.

 

Ai is the area of the element ith, hi is distance between centroid (NA) of the element ith and the chosen datum

Parallel axis theorem



   

The second moment of area for the whole section with respect to the located neutral axis is calculated from the Parallel Axis Theorem I: the second moment of area Ii: the second moment of area of element ith Ai: area of element ith di: distance between the neutral axis of element ith and the neutral axis of the whole section
n

I ! I i  Ai d i
i !1

Example: Calculate Ixx for T section

n

Ah
yc !
i !1 n

i i

A
i !1

(200x20 + 500x10) yc = 200x20x510 + 500x10x250 Hence yc = 365.5 mm

Example: Calculate Ixx for T section

n

I ! I i  Ai d i
i !1

d1 = 510 - 365.5 = 144.5 mm d2 = 365.5 - 250 = 115.5 mm Ixx = 200x203/12 + 200x20x(144.5)2 + 10x5003/12 + 10x500x(115.5)2 Hence Ixx = 254,522,250 mm4

Elastic section modulus

Formulae


Elastic section modulus Z of a beam is the ratio of a cross section's second moment of area I to the distance of the extreme compressive fibre from the neutral axis

Z!


I y max

The elastic section modulus marks the yield point of the material when the most outer fibre starts to yield due to bending moment My=Zfy

Plastic section modulus

Meaning and usage



It is also known by other name First Moment of Area Plastic section modulus S associates with the full plasticity of the whole section. It is the state where no strain hardening occurred is assumed and the stress anywhere of the cross section equals to yield stress fy It is used to compute the plastic moment (full capacity of a cross-section) Mp = Sfy

Define location of the PNA



The plastic neutral axis PNA, which is also referred to as the equal area axis, is the axis that splits the cross section into two equal areas. These areas refer to the equal amount of fibres yielded under compression and tension respectively. For symmetric section, the plastic and elastic neutral axis coincide. They are the axis through the centroid of the section. For non-symmetric section, location y the PNA with respect to a datum which is usually chosen at the base of the section is defined

Define location of the PNA



To locate the PNA, compute distance y between the PNA and the bottom base Total area = (200 x 40) + (400 x 40) = 24000 mm2 Check: 200x40 < 24000/2 Hence we have: 40 x y = 24000/2 Hence y=300

Calculate S


S is computed as the sum of moment of element areas about the PNA

n

S ! Ai ei
i !1
  

S: the plastic section modulus Ai: area of element ith ei: distance between the neutral axis of element ith and the plastic neutral axis of the whole section.

Example: T section


y=300

S = (200 x 40 x 120) + (100 x 40 x 50) + (300 x 40 x 150) Hence, S = 2960 x 103 mm3

Next lecture


Investigate the loads acting on the structure in terms of

Permanent load (dead load) Imposed load (live load) Load factors to comply with limit state design and member design to AS4100

Read AS/NZS 1170.1:2002